[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2462},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fhugo-build-times-for-large-repositories\u002Fsharing-a-theme-across-hugo-sites-with-modules":3,"all-docs-nav":1311,"filed:\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fhugo-build-times-for-large-repositories\u002Fsharing-a-theme-across-hugo-sites-with-modules":2453},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1286,"dateModified":1296,"datePublished":1296,"description":1297,"extension":1298,"faq":1299,"meta":1304,"navigation":1305,"path":1306,"seo":1307,"slug":12,"stem":1308,"type":1309,"__hash__":1310},"content\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fhugo-build-times-for-large-repositories\u002Fsharing-a-theme-across-hugo-sites-with-modules\u002Findex.md","Sharing a Theme Across Hugo Sites With Modules",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1265},"minimark",[9,13,17,31,36,54,58,61,84,87,222,226,229,238,249,347,362,366,377,386,410,419,428,531,535,542,574,581,585,588,608,611,615,621,724,734,738,837,840,844,851,870,881,884,888,984,1129,1133,1180,1184,1187,1191,1196,1199,1203,1206,1210,1213,1217,1220,1224,1261],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"sharing-a-theme-across-hugo-sites-with-modules",[14,15,16],"p",{},"Organisations with several Hugo sites — a product site, docs, a blog, a status page, a few campaign microsites — usually start by copying the theme into each. Within a year the copies have drifted: a header fix applied to two of five sites, an accessibility change made in the blog but not the docs, three slightly different versions of the footer. Every fix costs five pull requests and a careful diff, so fixes stop being propagated at all.",[14,18,19,20,25,26,30],{},"Hugo Modules solve this by turning the theme into a versioned dependency. Each site imports it by path and version, overrides only what it must, and receives updates through the same dependency tooling as everything else. This guide converts a theme shared by five sites into a module, sets up overrides, versioning and automated updates, and measures the effect on build time and on how quickly fixes reach every site. It belongs to ",[21,22,24],"a",{"href":23},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fhugo-build-times-for-large-repositories\u002F","Hugo Build Times for Large Repositories","; the caching of modules in CI is covered in ",[21,27,29],{"href":28},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fhugo-build-times-for-large-repositories\u002Fhugo-modules-and-dependency-caching\u002F","Hugo Modules and Dependency Caching",".",[32,33,35],"h2",{"id":34},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[37,38,39,43,51],"ul",{},[40,41,42],"li",{},"Hugo 0.120 or later extended, and Go 1.21 or later on developer machines and CI.",[40,44,45,46,50],{},"The theme in its own git repository (it was a folder in one of the sites; it moved to ",[47,48,49],"code",{},"github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme",").",[40,52,53],{},"An inventory of how each site's theme copy differs from the others.",[32,55,57],{"id":56},"step-1-find-what-drifted","Step 1: Find What Drifted",[14,59,60],{},"Before extracting the theme, the five copies were compared file by file:",[62,63,68],"pre",{"className":64,"code":65,"language":66,"meta":67,"style":67},"language-sh shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","for s in www docs blog status events; do (cd $s\u002Fthemes\u002Facme && find . -type f | sort | xargs md5sum) > \u002Ftmp\u002F$s.sums; done\ncat \u002Ftmp\u002F*.sums | awk '{print $2}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n | head\n","sh","",[47,69,70,78],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,72,75],"span",{"class":73,"line":74},"line",1,[71,76,77],{},"for s in www docs blog status events; do (cd $s\u002Fthemes\u002Facme && find . -type f | sort | xargs md5sum) > \u002Ftmp\u002F$s.sums; done\n",[71,79,81],{"class":73,"line":80},2,[71,82,83],{},"cat \u002Ftmp\u002F*.sums | awk '{print $2}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n | head\n",[14,85,86],{},"Of 142 theme files, 109 were identical across all five sites, 27 differed in at least one site, and 6 existed in only one site. Reviewing the 27 differences sorted them into three groups: fixes that should be in every site (14), deliberate site-specific changes (9), and accidental drift (4). The 14 fixes were merged into the module; the 9 deliberate changes became overrides in their sites.",[88,89,90,218],"figure",{},[91,92,99,100,99,104,99,108,99,115],"svg",{"viewBox":93,"role":94,"ariaLabelledBy":95,"xmlns":98},"0 0 760 295","img",[96,97],"hgmod-drift-title","hgmod-drift-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[101,102,103],"title",{"id":96},"Theme files by drift status across five copies",[105,106,107],"desc",{"id":97},"Vertical bars. 109 files were identical in every site. 14 differed because a fix had been applied to only some sites. 9 differed because of deliberate site-specific changes. 4 differed by accident. 6 existed in only one site.",[109,110],"rect",{"x":111,"y":111,"width":112,"height":113,"fill":114},"0","760","295","#ffffff",[116,117,119,120,119,131,119,139,119,145,119,152,119,160,119,166,119,174,119,181,119,186,119,192,119,195,119,199,119,202,119,207,119,210,119,215,99],"g",{"style":118},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[109,121],{"x":122,"y":123,"width":124,"height":125,"rx":126,"fill":127,"opacity":128,"stroke":129,"style":130},"67.2","76.0","81.6","170.0","3","#8ac926","0.4","#5a8a16","stroke-width:1px",[109,132],{"x":133,"y":134,"width":124,"height":135,"rx":126,"fill":136,"opacity":137,"stroke":138,"style":130},"203.2","224.2","21.8","#ff595e","0.3","#d83b41",[109,140],{"x":141,"y":142,"width":124,"height":143,"rx":126,"fill":144,"opacity":137,"stroke":144,"style":130},"339.2","232.0","14.0","#1982c4",[109,146],{"x":147,"y":148,"width":124,"height":149,"rx":126,"fill":150,"stroke":151,"style":130},"475.2","236.6","9.4","#d9e2ef","#556071",[109,153],{"x":154,"y":155,"width":124,"height":156,"rx":126,"fill":157,"opacity":158,"stroke":159,"style":130},"611.2","239.8","6.2","#ffca3a","0.45","#a97b00",[161,162],"path",{"d":163,"fill":164,"stroke":151,"style":165},"M30.0 246.0 L730.0 246.0","none","stroke-width:1.5px",[167,168,173],"text",{"x":169,"y":170,"fill":171,"style":172},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","How the five theme copies had drifted",[167,175,180],{"x":176,"y":177,"fill":178,"style":179},"108.0","69.0","#3f6410","font-size:12px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","109",[167,182,185],{"x":176,"y":183,"fill":151,"style":184},"264.0","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle","Identical",[167,187,191],{"x":188,"y":189,"fill":190,"style":179},"244.0","217.2","#b32b30","14",[167,193,194],{"x":188,"y":183,"fill":151,"style":184},"Partial fixes",[167,196,198],{"x":169,"y":197,"fill":171,"style":179},"225.0","9",[167,200,201],{"x":169,"y":183,"fill":151,"style":184},"Deliberate changes",[167,203,206],{"x":204,"y":205,"fill":171,"style":179},"516.0","229.6","6",[167,208,209],{"x":204,"y":183,"fill":151,"style":184},"Site-only files",[167,211,214],{"x":212,"y":213,"fill":171,"style":179},"652.0","232.8","4",[167,216,217],{"x":212,"y":183,"fill":151,"style":184},"Accidental drift",[219,220,221],"figcaption",{},"md5 comparison of 142 theme files across five sites after two years of copy-and-edit.",[32,223,225],{"id":224},"step-2-make-the-theme-a-module","Step 2: Make the Theme a Module",[14,227,228],{},"In the theme repository:",[62,230,232],{"className":64,"code":231,"language":66,"meta":67,"style":67},"hugo mod init github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme\n",[47,233,234],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,235,236],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,237,231],{},[14,239,240,241,244,245,248],{},"This creates ",[47,242,243],{},"go.mod",". A ",[47,246,247],{},"hugo.toml"," in the theme declares its mounts and minimum Hugo version:",[62,250,254],{"className":251,"code":252,"language":253,"meta":67,"style":67},"language-toml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","[module]\n  [module.hugoVersion]\n    min = \"0.120.0\"\n    extended = true\n  [[module.mounts]]\n    source = \"layouts\"\n    target = \"layouts\"\n  [[module.mounts]]\n    source = \"assets\"\n    target = \"assets\"\n  [[module.mounts]]\n    source = \"i18n\"\n    target = \"i18n\"\n  [[module.mounts]]\n    source = \"static\"\n    target = \"static\"\n","toml",[47,255,256,261,266,272,278,284,290,296,301,307,313,318,324,330,335,341],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,257,258],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,259,260],{},"[module]\n",[71,262,263],{"class":73,"line":80},[71,264,265],{},"  [module.hugoVersion]\n",[71,267,269],{"class":73,"line":268},3,[71,270,271],{},"    min = \"0.120.0\"\n",[71,273,275],{"class":73,"line":274},4,[71,276,277],{},"    extended = true\n",[71,279,281],{"class":73,"line":280},5,[71,282,283],{},"  [[module.mounts]]\n",[71,285,287],{"class":73,"line":286},6,[71,288,289],{},"    source = \"layouts\"\n",[71,291,293],{"class":73,"line":292},7,[71,294,295],{},"    target = \"layouts\"\n",[71,297,299],{"class":73,"line":298},8,[71,300,283],{},[71,302,304],{"class":73,"line":303},9,[71,305,306],{},"    source = \"assets\"\n",[71,308,310],{"class":73,"line":309},10,[71,311,312],{},"    target = \"assets\"\n",[71,314,316],{"class":73,"line":315},11,[71,317,283],{},[71,319,321],{"class":73,"line":320},12,[71,322,323],{},"    source = \"i18n\"\n",[71,325,327],{"class":73,"line":326},13,[71,328,329],{},"    target = \"i18n\"\n",[71,331,333],{"class":73,"line":332},14,[71,334,283],{},[71,336,338],{"class":73,"line":337},15,[71,339,340],{},"    source = \"static\"\n",[71,342,344],{"class":73,"line":343},16,[71,345,346],{},"    target = \"static\"\n",[14,348,349,350,353,354,357,358,361],{},"Tag a release: ",[47,351,352],{},"git tag v1.0.0 && git push --tags",". Go module versioning applies, so a breaking change later means a ",[47,355,356],{},"v2"," with a ",[47,359,360],{},"\u002Fv2"," suffix in the module path.",[32,363,365],{"id":364},"step-3-import-it-in-each-site","Step 3: Import It in Each Site",[14,367,368,369,372,373,376],{},"Remove ",[47,370,371],{},"themes\u002Facme"," and the ",[47,374,375],{},"theme = \"acme\""," line, then:",[62,378,380],{"className":64,"code":379,"language":66,"meta":67,"style":67},"hugo mod init github.com\u002Facme\u002Fwww\n",[47,381,382],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,383,384],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,385,379],{},[62,387,389],{"className":251,"code":388,"language":253,"meta":67,"style":67},"# hugo.toml in each site\n[module]\n  [[module.imports]]\n    path = \"github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme\"\n",[47,390,391,396,400,405],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,392,393],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,394,395],{},"# hugo.toml in each site\n",[71,397,398],{"class":73,"line":80},[71,399,260],{},[71,401,402],{"class":73,"line":268},[71,403,404],{},"  [[module.imports]]\n",[71,406,407],{"class":73,"line":274},[71,408,409],{},"    path = \"github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme\"\n",[62,411,413],{"className":64,"code":412,"language":66,"meta":67,"style":67},"hugo mod get github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme@v1.0.0\n",[47,414,415],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,416,417],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,418,412],{},[14,420,421,423,424,427],{},[47,422,243],{}," and ",[47,425,426],{},"go.sum"," record the exact version and checksum, so builds are reproducible. The site builds exactly as before if the module's files match what the site had, which the output comparison in Step 5 verifies.",[88,429,430,528],{},[91,431,99,436,99,439,99,442,99,445,99,513],{"viewBox":432,"role":94,"ariaLabelledBy":433,"xmlns":98},"0 0 760 300",[434,435],"hgmod-stack-title","hgmod-stack-desc",[101,437,438],{"id":434},"Lookup order between site files and the theme module",[105,440,441],{"id":435},"Three layers in lookup order. First the site's own layouts, assets and i18n files, which hold the nine deliberate overrides. Then the theme module at the pinned version, which provides the shared layouts. Then Hugo's embedded templates for things like sitemaps and RSS. The first match wins.",[109,443],{"x":111,"y":111,"width":112,"height":444,"fill":114},"300",[116,446,119,447,119,455,119,459,119,463,119,466,119,470,119,473,119,479,119,484,119,490,119,494,119,497,119,501,119,505,119,509,99],{"style":118},[109,448],{"x":449,"y":450,"width":451,"height":452,"rx":453,"fill":144,"opacity":454,"stroke":144,"style":165},"40.0","60.0","440.0","57.2","8","0.14",[161,456],{"d":457,"fill":164,"stroke":151,"style":458},"M260.0 119.2 L260.0 139.2","stroke-width:2px;marker-end:url(#hgmod-stack-arrow)",[109,460],{"x":449,"y":461,"width":451,"height":452,"rx":453,"fill":462,"opacity":454,"stroke":462,"style":165},"143.2","#6a4c93",[161,464],{"d":465,"fill":164,"stroke":151,"style":458},"M260.0 202.4 L260.0 222.4",[109,467],{"x":449,"y":468,"width":451,"height":452,"rx":453,"fill":469,"stroke":150,"style":165},"226.4","#f8fafc",[167,471,472],{"x":169,"y":170,"fill":171,"style":172},"How a site resolves a template",[167,474,478],{"x":475,"y":476,"fill":171,"style":477},"260.0","86.4","font-size:13px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Site files",[167,480,483],{"x":475,"y":481,"fill":151,"style":482},"103.3","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle","layouts\u002F, assets\u002F, i18n\u002F",[167,485,489],{"x":486,"y":487,"fill":151,"style":488},"504.0","92.6","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start","9 overrides across 5 sites",[167,491,493],{"x":475,"y":492,"fill":171,"style":477},"169.5","Theme module @ v1.x",[167,495,49],{"x":475,"y":496,"fill":151,"style":482},"186.4",[167,498,500],{"x":486,"y":499,"fill":151,"style":488},"175.8","133 shared files",[167,502,504],{"x":475,"y":503,"fill":171,"style":477},"252.7","Hugo embedded templates",[167,506,508],{"x":475,"y":507,"fill":151,"style":482},"269.6","sitemap, rss, robots",[167,510,512],{"x":486,"y":511,"fill":151,"style":488},"259.0","used unless overridden",[514,515,119,516,99],"defs",{},[517,518,524,525,119],"marker",{"id":519,"viewBox":520,"refX":453,"refY":521,"markerWidth":522,"markerHeight":522,"orient":523},"hgmod-stack-arrow","0 0 10 10","5","7","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[161,526],{"d":527,"fill":151},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[219,529,530],{},"An override is a full copy of the file, so it no longer receives module updates; keep them few.",[32,532,534],{"id":533},"step-4-keep-overrides-small-with-hooks","Step 4: Keep Overrides Small With Hooks",[14,536,537,538,541],{},"A full-file override of ",[47,539,540],{},"layouts\u002Fpartials\u002Fheader.html"," to add one link to the status site's header is a copy that will miss every future header fix. The theme instead exposes small hook partials that sites can override without copying the surrounding template:",[62,543,547],{"className":544,"code":545,"language":546,"meta":67,"style":67},"language-go-html-template shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","{{\u002F* in the theme's header.html *\u002F}}\n\u003Cnav aria-label=\"Main\">\n  {{ range .Site.Menus.main }}\u003Ca href=\"{{ .URL }}\">{{ .Name }}\u003C\u002Fa>{{ end }}\n  {{ partial \"hooks\u002Fheader-end.html\" . }}\n\u003C\u002Fnav>\n","go-html-template",[47,548,549,554,559,564,569],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,550,551],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,552,553],{},"{{\u002F* in the theme's header.html *\u002F}}\n",[71,555,556],{"class":73,"line":80},[71,557,558],{},"\u003Cnav aria-label=\"Main\">\n",[71,560,561],{"class":73,"line":268},[71,562,563],{},"  {{ range .Site.Menus.main }}\u003Ca href=\"{{ .URL }}\">{{ .Name }}\u003C\u002Fa>{{ end }}\n",[71,565,566],{"class":73,"line":274},[71,567,568],{},"  {{ partial \"hooks\u002Fheader-end.html\" . }}\n",[71,570,571],{"class":73,"line":280},[71,572,573],{},"\u003C\u002Fnav>\n",[14,575,576,577,580],{},"The theme ships an empty ",[47,578,579],{},"hooks\u002Fheader-end.html","; the status site overrides only that one file. Seven of the nine deliberate changes became hook overrides of a few lines each. Two remained full overrides, documented in each site's README with the reason.",[32,582,584],{"id":583},"step-5-verify-the-output-is-unchanged","Step 5: Verify the Output Is Unchanged",[14,586,587],{},"For each site, build once with the old copied theme and once with the module, and diff:",[62,589,591],{"className":64,"code":590,"language":66,"meta":67,"style":67},"git stash && hugo --gc -d \u002Ftmp\u002Fold && git stash pop\nhugo --gc -d \u002Ftmp\u002Fnew\ndiff -r \u002Ftmp\u002Fold \u002Ftmp\u002Fnew | grep -v '^Only in' | head\n",[47,592,593,598,603],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,594,595],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,596,597],{},"git stash && hugo --gc -d \u002Ftmp\u002Fold && git stash pop\n",[71,599,600],{"class":73,"line":80},[71,601,602],{},"hugo --gc -d \u002Ftmp\u002Fnew\n",[71,604,605],{"class":73,"line":268},[71,606,607],{},"diff -r \u002Ftmp\u002Fold \u002Ftmp\u002Fnew | grep -v '^Only in' | head\n",[14,609,610],{},"Differences were expected where the module carried fixes the site had lacked — those were reviewed and kept. No unexpected differences remained in any of the five sites.",[32,612,614],{"id":613},"step-6-automate-updates","Step 6: Automate Updates",[14,616,617,618,620],{},"Each site's repository runs Renovate, which understands Go modules. A theme release opens a pull request in every site bumping ",[47,619,243],{},", and each site's CI builds a preview. Minor and patch releases with passing checks are auto-merged; major versions wait for review:",[62,622,626],{"className":623,"code":624,"language":625,"meta":67,"style":67},"language-json shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","{\n  \"extends\": [\"config:recommended\"],\n  \"packageRules\": [\n    { \"matchManagers\": [\"gomod\"], \"matchPackageNames\": [\"github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme\"],\n      \"matchUpdateTypes\": [\"minor\", \"patch\"], \"automerge\": true }\n  ]\n}\n","json",[47,627,628,634,650,658,684,714,719],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,629,630],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,631,633],{"class":632},"sVt8B","{\n",[71,635,636,640,643,647],{"class":73,"line":80},[71,637,639],{"class":638},"sj4cs","  \"extends\"",[71,641,642],{"class":632},": [",[71,644,646],{"class":645},"sZZnC","\"config:recommended\"",[71,648,649],{"class":632},"],\n",[71,651,652,655],{"class":73,"line":268},[71,653,654],{"class":638},"  \"packageRules\"",[71,656,657],{"class":632},": [\n",[71,659,660,663,666,668,671,674,677,679,682],{"class":73,"line":274},[71,661,662],{"class":632},"    { ",[71,664,665],{"class":638},"\"matchManagers\"",[71,667,642],{"class":632},[71,669,670],{"class":645},"\"gomod\"",[71,672,673],{"class":632},"], ",[71,675,676],{"class":638},"\"matchPackageNames\"",[71,678,642],{"class":632},[71,680,681],{"class":645},"\"github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme\"",[71,683,649],{"class":632},[71,685,686,689,691,694,697,700,702,705,708,711],{"class":73,"line":280},[71,687,688],{"class":638},"      \"matchUpdateTypes\"",[71,690,642],{"class":632},[71,692,693],{"class":645},"\"minor\"",[71,695,696],{"class":632},", ",[71,698,699],{"class":645},"\"patch\"",[71,701,673],{"class":632},[71,703,704],{"class":638},"\"automerge\"",[71,706,707],{"class":632},": ",[71,709,710],{"class":638},"true",[71,712,713],{"class":632}," }\n",[71,715,716],{"class":73,"line":286},[71,717,718],{"class":632},"  ]\n",[71,720,721],{"class":73,"line":292},[71,722,723],{"class":632},"}\n",[14,725,726,727,730,731,733],{},"Renovate's ",[47,728,729],{},"postUpdateOptions: [\"gomodTidy\"]"," keeps ",[47,732,426],{}," consistent.",[32,735,737],{"id":736},"step-7-cache-modules-in-ci","Step 7: Cache Modules in CI",[62,739,743],{"className":740,"code":741,"language":742,"meta":67,"style":67},"language-yaml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","- uses: actions\u002Fsetup-go@v5\n  with: { go-version: '1.22', cache: false }\n- uses: actions\u002Fcache@v4\n  with:\n    path: ~\u002F.cache\u002Fhugo_cache\u002Fmodules\n    key: hugo-mod-${{ hashFiles('go.sum') }}\n- run: hugo --gc --minify\n","yaml",[47,744,745,759,787,798,805,815,825],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,746,747,750,754,756],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,748,749],{"class":632},"- ",[71,751,753],{"class":752},"s9eBZ","uses",[71,755,707],{"class":632},[71,757,758],{"class":645},"actions\u002Fsetup-go@v5\n",[71,760,761,764,767,770,772,775,777,780,782,785],{"class":73,"line":80},[71,762,763],{"class":752},"  with",[71,765,766],{"class":632},": { ",[71,768,769],{"class":752},"go-version",[71,771,707],{"class":632},[71,773,774],{"class":645},"'1.22'",[71,776,696],{"class":632},[71,778,779],{"class":752},"cache",[71,781,707],{"class":632},[71,783,784],{"class":638},"false",[71,786,713],{"class":632},[71,788,789,791,793,795],{"class":73,"line":268},[71,790,749],{"class":632},[71,792,753],{"class":752},[71,794,707],{"class":632},[71,796,797],{"class":645},"actions\u002Fcache@v4\n",[71,799,800,802],{"class":73,"line":274},[71,801,763],{"class":752},[71,803,804],{"class":632},":\n",[71,806,807,810,812],{"class":73,"line":280},[71,808,809],{"class":752},"    path",[71,811,707],{"class":632},[71,813,814],{"class":645},"~\u002F.cache\u002Fhugo_cache\u002Fmodules\n",[71,816,817,820,822],{"class":73,"line":286},[71,818,819],{"class":752},"    key",[71,821,707],{"class":632},[71,823,824],{"class":645},"hugo-mod-${{ hashFiles('go.sum') }}\n",[71,826,827,829,832,834],{"class":73,"line":292},[71,828,749],{"class":632},[71,830,831],{"class":752},"run",[71,833,707],{"class":632},[71,835,836],{"class":645},"hugo --gc --minify\n",[14,838,839],{},"Hugo stores modules in its cache directory. With the cache restored, module resolution takes under a second; without it, downloading the theme took about 4 seconds.",[32,841,843],{"id":842},"developing-the-theme-against-a-real-site","Developing the Theme Against a Real Site",[14,845,846,847,850],{},"Theme changes need testing in context, and publishing a release for every experiment would be slow. Hugo's module ",[47,848,849],{},"replace"," directive points a site at a local checkout of the theme while developing:",[62,852,854],{"className":251,"code":853,"language":253,"meta":67,"style":67},"# hugo.toml in the site, local only\n[module]\n  replacements = \"github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme -> ..\u002Fhugo-theme\"\n",[47,855,856,861,865],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,857,858],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,859,860],{},"# hugo.toml in the site, local only\n",[71,862,863],{"class":73,"line":80},[71,864,260],{},[71,866,867],{"class":73,"line":268},[71,868,869],{},"  replacements = \"github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme -> ..\u002Fhugo-theme\"\n",[14,871,872,873,876,877,880],{},"Or, without editing the config, ",[47,874,875],{},"HUGO_MODULE_REPLACEMENTS=\"github.com\u002Facme\u002Fhugo-theme -> ..\u002Fhugo-theme\" hugo server",". The environment variable form is safer, because a committed ",[47,878,879],{},"replacements"," line would break CI, where the sibling directory does not exist. The theme repository also holds a small example site covering every partial and hook, built in the theme's own CI with the minimum and latest supported Hugo versions, so a change that breaks an older Hugo is caught before release.",[14,882,883],{},"Releases follow a short checklist: build the example site, build two of the real sites against the branch with the replacement variable, write a changelog entry that names any new hook, and tag. Most releases take ten minutes from merge to tag.",[32,885,887],{"id":886},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[889,890,891,910],"table",{},[892,893,894],"thead",{},[895,896,897,901,904,907],"tr",{},[898,899,900],"th",{},"Measure",[898,902,903],{},"Copied theme",[898,905,906],{},"Module",[898,908,909],{},"Source",[911,912,913,928,942,958,972],"tbody",{},[895,914,915,919,922,925],{},[916,917,918],"td",{},"Time for a theme fix to reach all 5 sites",[916,920,921],{},"2–6 weeks, often never",[916,923,924],{},"Same day (auto-merged)",[916,926,927],{},"Pull request history",[895,929,930,933,936,939],{},[916,931,932],{},"Pull requests per theme fix",[916,934,935],{},"5, hand-written",[916,937,938],{},"1 + 5 automated",[916,940,941],{},"GitHub",[895,943,944,947,950,953],{},[916,945,946],{},"Theme files duplicated across repos",[916,948,949],{},"710",[916,951,952],{},"0 (+ 9 overrides)",[916,954,955],{},[47,956,957],{},"find",[895,959,960,963,966,969],{},[916,961,962],{},"Build time added, warm cache",[916,964,965],{},"—",[916,967,968],{},"0.4 s",[916,970,971],{},"hyperfine",[895,973,974,977,979,982],{},[916,975,976],{},"Build time added, cold cache",[916,978,965],{},[916,980,981],{},"4.1 s",[916,983,971],{},[88,985,986,1126],{},[91,987,99,992,99,995,99,998,99,1001],{"viewBox":988,"role":94,"ariaLabelledBy":989,"xmlns":98},"0 0 760 352",[990,991],"hgmod-lag-title","hgmod-lag-desc",[101,993,994],{"id":990},"Days for a theme fix to reach each site, before and after modules",[105,996,997],{"id":991},"Paired bars for five sites. Before, using copied themes, the www site took 3 days, docs 12, blog 21, status 40 and events never received the fix, shown as 60. After, using the module with automated updates, every site received the fix on day 0.",[109,999],{"x":111,"y":111,"width":112,"height":1000,"fill":114},"352",[116,1002,119,1003,119,1009,119,1012,119,1018,119,1022,119,1026,119,1029,119,1033,119,1036,119,1040,119,1043,119,1047,119,1050,119,1053,119,1056,119,1060,119,1063,119,1068,119,1073,119,1078,119,1082,119,1087,119,1090,119,1094,119,1099,119,1102,119,1106,119,1111,119,1114,119,1118,119,1123,99],{"style":118},[109,1004],{"x":1005,"y":1006,"width":143,"height":1007,"rx":1008,"fill":136,"opacity":137,"stroke":138,"style":130},"284.5","50.0","12.0","2",[109,1010],{"x":1011,"y":1006,"width":143,"height":1007,"rx":1008,"fill":127,"opacity":128,"stroke":129,"style":130},"414.2",[109,1013],{"x":1014,"y":1015,"width":1016,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":136,"opacity":137,"stroke":138,"style":130},"230.0","82.0","23.0","16.0",[109,1019],{"x":1014,"y":1020,"width":1021,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":127,"opacity":128,"stroke":129,"style":130},"102.0","3.0",[109,1023],{"x":1014,"y":1024,"width":1025,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":136,"opacity":137,"stroke":138,"style":130},"134.0","91.9",[109,1027],{"x":1014,"y":1028,"width":1021,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":127,"opacity":128,"stroke":129,"style":130},"154.0",[109,1030],{"x":1014,"y":1031,"width":1032,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":136,"opacity":137,"stroke":138,"style":130},"186.0","160.8",[109,1034],{"x":1014,"y":1035,"width":1021,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":127,"opacity":128,"stroke":129,"style":130},"206.0",[109,1037],{"x":1014,"y":1038,"width":1039,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":136,"opacity":137,"stroke":138,"style":130},"238.0","306.3",[109,1041],{"x":1014,"y":1042,"width":1021,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":127,"opacity":128,"stroke":129,"style":130},"258.0",[109,1044],{"x":1014,"y":1045,"width":1046,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":136,"opacity":137,"stroke":138,"style":130},"290.0","459.4",[109,1048],{"x":1014,"y":1049,"width":1021,"height":1017,"rx":126,"fill":127,"opacity":128,"stroke":129,"style":130},"310.0",[161,1051],{"d":1052,"fill":164,"stroke":151,"style":165},"M230.0 78.0 L230.0 332.0",[167,1054,1055],{"x":169,"y":170,"fill":171,"style":172},"Days until a theme fix reached each site",[167,1057,903],{"x":1058,"y":450,"fill":151,"style":1059},"304.5","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start",[167,1061,906],{"x":1062,"y":450,"fill":151,"style":1059},"434.2",[167,1064,1067],{"x":1065,"y":1066,"fill":171,"style":1059},"20.0","105.2","www",[167,1069,1072],{"x":475,"y":1070,"fill":190,"style":1071},"94.5","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","3 d",[167,1074,1077],{"x":1075,"y":1076,"fill":178,"style":1071},"240.0","114.5","0 d",[167,1079,1081],{"x":1065,"y":1080,"fill":171,"style":1059},"157.2","docs",[167,1083,1086],{"x":1084,"y":1085,"fill":190,"style":1071},"328.9","146.5","12 d",[167,1088,1077],{"x":1075,"y":1089,"fill":178,"style":1071},"166.5",[167,1091,1093],{"x":1065,"y":1092,"fill":171,"style":1059},"209.2","blog",[167,1095,1098],{"x":1096,"y":1097,"fill":190,"style":1071},"397.8","198.5","21 d",[167,1100,1077],{"x":1075,"y":1101,"fill":178,"style":1071},"218.5",[167,1103,1105],{"x":1065,"y":1104,"fill":171,"style":1059},"261.2","status",[167,1107,1110],{"x":1108,"y":1109,"fill":190,"style":1071},"543.3","250.5","40 d",[167,1112,1077],{"x":1075,"y":1113,"fill":178,"style":1071},"270.5",[167,1115,1117],{"x":1065,"y":1116,"fill":171,"style":1059},"313.2","events",[167,1119,1122],{"x":1120,"y":1121,"fill":190,"style":1071},"696.4","302.5","never",[167,1124,1077],{"x":1075,"y":1125,"fill":178,"style":1071},"322.5",[219,1127,1128],{},"Measured for the same accessibility fix to the header focus style; the events site never got it under the old setup.",[32,1130,1132],{"id":1131},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[37,1134,1135,1142,1155,1161,1170],{},[40,1136,1137,1141],{},[1138,1139,1140],"strong",{},"Overriding whole templates."," Add hook partials to the theme instead, so sites override a few lines.",[40,1143,1144,1147,1148,1151,1152,1154],{},[1138,1145,1146],{},"Unpinned module versions."," Always pin with ",[47,1149,1150],{},"hugo mod get path@version","; ",[47,1153,426],{}," makes builds reproducible.",[40,1156,1157,1160],{},[1138,1158,1159],{},"Breaking changes in minor releases."," Use semantic versioning strictly, because Renovate auto-merges minors.",[40,1162,1163,1166,1167,30],{},[1138,1164,1165],{},"No Go in the CI image."," Install it or vendor modules with ",[47,1168,1169],{},"hugo mod vendor",[40,1171,1172,1175,1176,1179],{},[1138,1173,1174],{},"Rollback:"," pin the previous version with ",[47,1177,1178],{},"hugo mod get path@v1.3.2","; a site can also vendor the module to freeze it entirely.",[32,1181,1183],{"id":1182},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,1185,1186],{},"A theme copied into several Hugo sites drifts until fixes stop propagating. Turning it into a versioned Hugo Module with small hook overrides and automated update pull requests made a theme fix reach all five sites the same day, removed 710 duplicated files, and cost under half a second per build with the module cache restored.",[32,1188,1190],{"id":1189},"faq","FAQ",[1192,1193,1195],"h3",{"id":1194},"what-is-the-difference-between-a-hugo-theme-in-the-themes-folder-and-a-hugo-module","What is the difference between a Hugo theme in the themes folder and a Hugo Module?",[14,1197,1198],{},"A theme in the themes folder is a copy or git submodule inside each site, updated by hand. A Hugo Module is a Go module imported by path and version in the site configuration, downloaded and cached by Hugo, and updated with a command or a dependency bot. Modules can also mount any directory into any part of the site, not just layouts and assets.",[1192,1200,1202],{"id":1201},"do-hugo-modules-require-go-to-be-installed","Do Hugo Modules require Go to be installed?",[14,1204,1205],{},"Yes, for downloading and updating modules, because Hugo uses the Go toolchain for module resolution. Building a site whose modules are already vendored with hugo mod vendor does not need Go. CI images used for Hugo builds usually include Go or install it in a few seconds.",[1192,1207,1209],{"id":1208},"how-do-sites-override-parts-of-a-shared-theme","How do sites override parts of a shared theme?",[14,1211,1212],{},"The same way as with any theme. A file at the same path in the site's own layouts, assets or i18n directory takes precedence over the module's file. Keep overrides small and documented, because each override is a copy that will not receive updates from the module.",[1192,1214,1216],{"id":1215},"do-hugo-modules-slow-down-ci-builds","Do Hugo Modules slow down CI builds?",[14,1218,1219],{},"Only the first download. Hugo caches modules in its cache directory, and restoring that directory in CI makes module resolution take under a second. Without the cache, fetching a small theme module adds 3 to 8 seconds depending on the network.",[32,1221,1223],{"id":1222},"related","Related",[37,1225,1226,1235,1240,1247,1254],{},[40,1227,1228,1231,1232,1234],{},[1138,1229,1230],{},"Parent:"," ",[21,1233,24],{"href":23}," — Hugo at organisational scale.",[40,1236,1237,1239],{},[21,1238,29],{"href":28}," — caching modules in CI in depth.",[40,1241,1242,1246],{},[21,1243,1245],{"href":1244},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fgithub-actions-for-automated-ssg-builds\u002Fmatrix-builds-for-multi-site-monorepos\u002F","Matrix Builds for Multi-Site Monorepos"," — the monorepo alternative to separate repositories.",[40,1248,1249,1253],{},[21,1250,1252],{"href":1251},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fmigrating-between-static-site-generators\u002Fporting-shortcodes-and-includes-between-generators\u002F","Porting Shortcodes and Includes Between Generators"," — reusable components across generators.",[40,1255,1256,1260],{},[21,1257,1259],{"href":1258},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fhugo-build-times-for-large-repositories\u002Ffixing-hugo-builds-that-fail-after-a-version-upgrade\u002F","Fixing Hugo Builds That Fail After a Version Upgrade"," — using the module's minimum version to catch incompatible Hugo versions.",[1262,1263,1264],"style",{},"html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki .sZZnC{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .s9eBZ, html code.shiki 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CDNs",{"path":1720,"title":1721},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcaching-404s-and-redirects-at-the-edge","Caching 404s and Redirects at the Edge",{"path":1723,"title":1724},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcloudflare-vs-cloudfront-cache-hit-ratios-for-static-sites","Cloudflare vs CloudFront Cache Hit Ratios for Static Sites",{"path":1726,"title":1727},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ffixing-stale-html-after-deploys-on-cloudflare","Fixing Stale HTML After Deploys on Cloudflare",{"path":1729,"title":1730},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs","CDN Caching Rules for SSGs",{"path":1732,"title":1733},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fpurging-the-cdn-cache-after-a-static-deploy","Purging the CDN Cache 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Widgets",{"path":1795,"title":1796},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-images-without-dimensions-in-markdown","Fixing CLS From Images Without Dimensions in Markdown",{"path":1798,"title":1799},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-late-loading-embeds","Fixing CLS From Late-Loading Embeds",{"path":1801,"title":1802},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-sticky-headers-and-anchor-links","Fixing CLS from Sticky Headers and Anchor Links",{"path":1804,"title":1805},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites","Cumulative Layout Shift Fixes for Static Sites",{"path":1807,"title":1808},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-cls-in-the-field-with-web-vitals-js","Measuring CLS in the Field With web-vitals.js",{"path":1810,"title":1811},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-ad-and-promo-slots","Reserving Space for Ad and Promo Slots",{"path":1813,"title":1814},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-images-and-embeds-to-stop-layout-shift","Reserving Space for Images and Embeds",{"path":1816,"title":1817},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fauditing-font-payload-per-page","Auditing Font Payload per 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