[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2419},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-for-static-sites-in-nginx":3,"all-docs-nav":1271,"filed:\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-for-static-sites-in-nginx":2411},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1247,"dateModified":1257,"datePublished":1257,"description":1258,"extension":1259,"faq":1260,"meta":1265,"navigation":326,"path":1266,"seo":1267,"slug":12,"stem":1268,"type":1269,"__hash__":1270},"content\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-for-static-sites-in-nginx\u002Findex.md","Cache-Control Headers for Static Sites in Nginx",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1226},"minimark",[9,13,22,40,45,68,72,257,261,296,497,505,509,524,541,566,666,670,690,700,704,735,744,754,758,782,786,793,802,813,832,836,842,866,869,873,876,970,1081,1088,1092,1137,1141,1147,1151,1156,1159,1163,1166,1170,1173,1177,1180,1184,1222],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"cache-control-headers-for-static-sites-in-nginx",[14,15,16,17,21],"p",{},"A self-hosted static site lives or dies on its caching headers. Get them right and returning visitors load pages from their own cache, with the server answering a handful of tiny 304s. Get them wrong in one direction and readers see stale pages after a deploy; get them wrong in the other and every visit downloads every asset again. Nginx makes the right policy easy to express and one particular mistake easy to make: its ",[18,19,20],"code",{},"add_header"," inheritance rule silently drops headers in any location block that sets its own.",[14,23,24,25,28,29,34,35,39],{},"This guide sets caching headers for an Astro documentation site served directly by Nginx 1.26 on a single VM, measures the effect with ",[18,26,27],{},"curl"," and WebPageTest, and fixes the inheritance trap that had been removing security headers from every asset. It belongs to ",[30,31,33],"a",{"href":32},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002F","CDN Caching Rules for SSGs","; the server setup itself is in ",[30,36,38],{"href":37},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fself-hosting-static-sites\u002Fserving-a-static-site-with-nginx\u002F","Serving a Static Site with Nginx",".",[41,42,44],"h2",{"id":43},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[46,47,48,60,63],"ul",{},[49,50,51,52,55,56,39],"li",{},"A build whose assets have content hashes in their filenames (",[18,53,54],{},"\u002F_astro\u002Findex.4f8c1b.css",") — the precondition for caching them forever, covered in ",[30,57,59],{"href":58},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-busting-with-content-hashed-filenames\u002F","Cache Busting with Content-Hashed Filenames",[49,61,62],{},"Nginx serving the build output from a root directory.",[49,64,65,67],{},[18,66,27],{}," for checking headers.",[41,69,71],{"id":70},"the-policy","The Policy",[73,74,75,253],"figure",{},[76,77,84,85,84,89,84,93,84,100],"svg",{"viewBox":78,"role":79,"ariaLabelledBy":80,"xmlns":83},"0 0 760 265","img",[81,82],"ngxcc-policy-title","ngxcc-policy-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[86,87,88],"title",{"id":81},"Cache-Control policy for each kind of file on the static site",[90,91,92],"desc",{"id":82},"A matrix of four file kinds. Hashed assets in the underscore astro folder get public, max-age of one year, immutable. HTML pages get public, max-age zero, must-revalidate. Unhashed static files such as favicon and robots get max-age of one day. 404 responses get max-age of 60 seconds.",[94,95],"rect",{"x":96,"y":96,"width":97,"height":98,"fill":99},"0","760","265","#ffffff",[101,102,104,105,104,112,104,123,104,128,104,132,104,138,104,140,104,143,104,147,104,149,104,152,104,155,104,157,104,160,104,168,104,173,104,178,104,182,104,186,104,190,104,195,104,199,104,203,104,206,104,210,104,214,104,218,104,222,104,225,104,229,104,233,104,236,104,239,104,243,104,247,104,250,84],"g",{"style":103},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[106,107],"path",{"d":108,"fill":109,"stroke":110,"style":111},"M20.0 86.0 L740.0 86.0","none","#556071","stroke-width:1.5px",[94,113],{"x":114,"y":115,"width":116,"height":117,"rx":118,"fill":119,"opacity":120,"stroke":121,"style":122},"390.7","90.0","168.7","39.9","5","#8ac926","0.2","#5a8a16","stroke-width:1px",[94,124],{"x":125,"y":115,"width":116,"height":117,"rx":118,"fill":126,"opacity":127,"stroke":126,"style":122},"567.3","#1982c4","0.14",[106,129],{"d":130,"fill":109,"stroke":131,"style":122},"M20.0 133.9 L740.0 133.9","#d9e2ef",[94,133],{"x":114,"y":134,"width":116,"height":117,"rx":118,"fill":135,"opacity":136,"stroke":137,"style":122},"137.9","#ffca3a","0.24","#a97b00",[94,139],{"x":125,"y":134,"width":116,"height":117,"rx":118,"fill":126,"opacity":127,"stroke":126,"style":122},[106,141],{"d":142,"fill":109,"stroke":131,"style":122},"M20.0 181.8 L740.0 181.8",[94,144],{"x":114,"y":145,"width":116,"height":146,"rx":118,"fill":126,"opacity":127,"stroke":126,"style":122},"185.8","25.6",[94,148],{"x":125,"y":145,"width":116,"height":146,"rx":118,"fill":126,"opacity":127,"stroke":126,"style":122},[106,150],{"d":151,"fill":109,"stroke":131,"style":122},"M20.0 215.4 L740.0 215.4",[94,153],{"x":114,"y":154,"width":116,"height":146,"rx":118,"fill":126,"opacity":127,"stroke":126,"style":122},"219.4",[94,156],{"x":125,"y":154,"width":116,"height":146,"rx":118,"fill":126,"opacity":127,"stroke":126,"style":122},[106,158],{"d":159,"fill":109,"stroke":131,"style":122},"M20.0 249.0 L740.0 249.0",[161,162,167],"text",{"x":163,"y":164,"fill":165,"style":166},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","One policy per kind of file",[161,169,172],{"x":164,"y":170,"fill":165,"style":171},"75.2","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","Files",[161,174,177],{"x":175,"y":170,"fill":165,"style":176},"298.3","font-size:12px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Example",[161,179,181],{"x":180,"y":170,"fill":165,"style":176},"475.0","Cache-Control",[161,183,185],{"x":184,"y":170,"fill":165,"style":176},"651.7","Why",[161,187,189],{"x":164,"y":188,"fill":165,"style":171},"113.6","Hashed assets",[161,191,194],{"x":175,"y":192,"fill":165,"style":193},"113.4","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle","\u002F_astro\u002F*.css",[161,196,198],{"x":180,"y":197,"fill":165,"style":193},"105.9","max-age=31536000,",[161,200,202],{"x":180,"y":201,"fill":165,"style":193},"120.9","immutable",[161,204,205],{"x":184,"y":192,"fill":165,"style":193},"URL changes with content",[161,207,209],{"x":164,"y":208,"fill":165,"style":171},"161.5","HTML",[161,211,213],{"x":175,"y":212,"fill":165,"style":193},"161.3","\u002Fguides\u002Fdeploy\u002F",[161,215,217],{"x":180,"y":216,"fill":165,"style":193},"153.8","max-age=0,",[161,219,221],{"x":180,"y":220,"fill":165,"style":193},"168.8","must-revalidate",[161,223,224],{"x":184,"y":212,"fill":165,"style":193},"URL never changes",[161,226,228],{"x":164,"y":227,"fill":165,"style":171},"202.2","Unhashed files",[161,230,232],{"x":175,"y":231,"fill":165,"style":193},"202.1","\u002Ffavicon.ico",[161,234,235],{"x":180,"y":231,"fill":165,"style":193},"max-age=86400",[161,237,238],{"x":184,"y":231,"fill":165,"style":193},"rarely change",[161,240,242],{"x":164,"y":241,"fill":165,"style":171},"235.8","404 responses",[161,244,246],{"x":175,"y":245,"fill":165,"style":193},"235.7","missing paths",[161,248,249],{"x":180,"y":245,"fill":165,"style":193},"max-age=60",[161,251,252],{"x":184,"y":245,"fill":165,"style":193},"avoid caching mistakes",[254,255,256],"figcaption",{},"The split depends entirely on whether the URL changes when the content does.",[41,258,260],{"id":259},"step-1-the-configuration","Step 1: The Configuration",[262,263,268],"pre",{"className":264,"code":265,"language":266,"meta":267,"style":267},"language-nginx shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# \u002Fetc\u002Fnginx\u002Fsnippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf\nadd_header Strict-Transport-Security \"max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains\" always;\nadd_header X-Content-Type-Options \"nosniff\" always;\nadd_header Referrer-Policy \"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" always;\n","nginx","",[18,269,270,278,284,290],{"__ignoreMap":267},[271,272,275],"span",{"class":273,"line":274},"line",1,[271,276,277],{},"# \u002Fetc\u002Fnginx\u002Fsnippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf\n",[271,279,281],{"class":273,"line":280},2,[271,282,283],{},"add_header Strict-Transport-Security \"max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains\" always;\n",[271,285,287],{"class":273,"line":286},3,[271,288,289],{},"add_header X-Content-Type-Options \"nosniff\" always;\n",[271,291,293],{"class":273,"line":292},4,[271,294,295],{},"add_header Referrer-Policy \"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" always;\n",[262,297,299],{"className":264,"code":298,"language":266,"meta":267,"style":267},"server {\n  listen 443 ssl http2;\n  server_name docs.example.com;\n  root \u002Fsrv\u002Fdocs\u002Fcurrent;\n\n  include snippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf;\n\n  # Hashed build assets: cache for a year, never revalidate\n  location \u002F_astro\u002F {\n    include snippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf;\n    add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=31536000, immutable\" always;\n    try_files $uri =404;\n  }\n\n  # Unhashed static files\n  location ~* \\.(?:ico|png|svg|webmanifest|txt|xml)$ {\n    include snippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf;\n    add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=86400\" always;\n    try_files $uri =404;\n  }\n\n  # HTML: always revalidate\n  location \u002F {\n    include snippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf;\n    add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=0, must-revalidate\" always;\n    try_files $uri $uri\u002Findex.html =404;\n  }\n\n  error_page 404 \u002F404.html;\n  location = \u002F404.html {\n    include snippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf;\n    add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=60\" always;\n    internal;\n  }\n}\n",[18,300,301,306,311,316,321,328,334,339,345,351,357,363,369,375,380,386,392,397,403,408,413,418,424,430,435,441,447,452,457,463,469,474,480,486,491],{"__ignoreMap":267},[271,302,303],{"class":273,"line":274},[271,304,305],{},"server {\n",[271,307,308],{"class":273,"line":280},[271,309,310],{},"  listen 443 ssl http2;\n",[271,312,313],{"class":273,"line":286},[271,314,315],{},"  server_name docs.example.com;\n",[271,317,318],{"class":273,"line":292},[271,319,320],{},"  root \u002Fsrv\u002Fdocs\u002Fcurrent;\n",[271,322,324],{"class":273,"line":323},5,[271,325,327],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":326},true,"\n",[271,329,331],{"class":273,"line":330},6,[271,332,333],{},"  include snippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf;\n",[271,335,337],{"class":273,"line":336},7,[271,338,327],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":326},[271,340,342],{"class":273,"line":341},8,[271,343,344],{},"  # Hashed build assets: cache for a year, never revalidate\n",[271,346,348],{"class":273,"line":347},9,[271,349,350],{},"  location \u002F_astro\u002F {\n",[271,352,354],{"class":273,"line":353},10,[271,355,356],{},"    include snippets\u002Fsecurity-headers.conf;\n",[271,358,360],{"class":273,"line":359},11,[271,361,362],{},"    add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=31536000, immutable\" always;\n",[271,364,366],{"class":273,"line":365},12,[271,367,368],{},"    try_files $uri =404;\n",[271,370,372],{"class":273,"line":371},13,[271,373,374],{},"  }\n",[271,376,378],{"class":273,"line":377},14,[271,379,327],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":326},[271,381,383],{"class":273,"line":382},15,[271,384,385],{},"  # Unhashed static files\n",[271,387,389],{"class":273,"line":388},16,[271,390,391],{},"  location ~* \\.(?:ico|png|svg|webmanifest|txt|xml)$ {\n",[271,393,395],{"class":273,"line":394},17,[271,396,356],{},[271,398,400],{"class":273,"line":399},18,[271,401,402],{},"    add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=86400\" always;\n",[271,404,406],{"class":273,"line":405},19,[271,407,368],{},[271,409,411],{"class":273,"line":410},20,[271,412,374],{},[271,414,416],{"class":273,"line":415},21,[271,417,327],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":326},[271,419,421],{"class":273,"line":420},22,[271,422,423],{},"  # HTML: always revalidate\n",[271,425,427],{"class":273,"line":426},23,[271,428,429],{},"  location \u002F {\n",[271,431,433],{"class":273,"line":432},24,[271,434,356],{},[271,436,438],{"class":273,"line":437},25,[271,439,440],{},"    add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=0, must-revalidate\" always;\n",[271,442,444],{"class":273,"line":443},26,[271,445,446],{},"    try_files $uri $uri\u002Findex.html =404;\n",[271,448,450],{"class":273,"line":449},27,[271,451,374],{},[271,453,455],{"class":273,"line":454},28,[271,456,327],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":326},[271,458,460],{"class":273,"line":459},29,[271,461,462],{},"  error_page 404 \u002F404.html;\n",[271,464,466],{"class":273,"line":465},30,[271,467,468],{},"  location = \u002F404.html {\n",[271,470,472],{"class":273,"line":471},31,[271,473,356],{},[271,475,477],{"class":273,"line":476},32,[271,478,479],{},"    add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=60\" always;\n",[271,481,483],{"class":273,"line":482},33,[271,484,485],{},"    internal;\n",[271,487,489],{"class":273,"line":488},34,[271,490,374],{},[271,492,494],{"class":273,"line":493},35,[271,495,496],{},"}\n",[14,498,499,500,504],{},"The security headers are included in ",[501,502,503],"em",{},"every"," location. That is the fix for the trap in the next step.",[41,506,508],{"id":507},"step-2-the-add_header-inheritance-trap","Step 2: The add_header Inheritance Trap",[14,510,511,512,515,516,519,520,523],{},"The previous configuration had the security headers once, in the ",[18,513,514],{},"server"," block, and a ",[18,517,518],{},"location \u002F_astro\u002F"," with its own ",[18,521,522],{},"add_header Cache-Control",". Checking an asset:",[262,525,529],{"className":526,"code":527,"language":528,"meta":267,"style":267},"language-sh shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","curl -sI https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.example.com\u002F_astro\u002Findex.4f8c1b.css | grep -iE 'cache-control|strict-transport|x-content'\n# cache-control: public, max-age=31536000, immutable\n","sh",[18,530,531,536],{"__ignoreMap":267},[271,532,533],{"class":273,"line":274},[271,534,535],{},"curl -sI https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.example.com\u002F_astro\u002Findex.4f8c1b.css | grep -iE 'cache-control|strict-transport|x-content'\n",[271,537,538],{"class":273,"line":280},[271,539,540],{},"# cache-control: public, max-age=31536000, immutable\n",[14,542,543,544,547,548,550,551,554,555,557,558,561,562,565],{},"No HSTS, no ",[18,545,546],{},"nosniff",". Nginx's rule: a block inherits ",[18,549,20],{}," directives from its parent ",[501,552,553],{},"only if it defines none of its own",". Defining ",[18,556,181],{}," in the location dropped every security header for all CSS, JavaScript and images. An external scan had flagged \"missing X-Content-Type-Options on script responses\" for months without anyone connecting it to caching. The snippet-per-location pattern above fixes it; the ",[18,559,560],{},"headers-more"," module's ",[18,563,564],{},"more_set_headers",", which merges instead of replacing, is an alternative where the module is available.",[73,567,568,663],{},[76,569,84,574,84,577,84,580,84,583],{"viewBox":570,"role":79,"ariaLabelledBy":571,"xmlns":83},"0 0 760 223",[572,573],"ngxcc-inherit-title","ngxcc-inherit-desc",[86,575,576],{"id":572},"Headers sent for an asset with and without repeating shared headers",[90,578,579],{"id":573},"Two panels. Before, the server block set three security headers and the assets location set only Cache-Control, so asset responses carried Cache-Control alone. After, each location includes the security snippet and its own Cache-Control, so asset responses carry all four headers.",[94,581],{"x":96,"y":96,"width":97,"height":582,"fill":99},"223",[101,584,104,585,104,595,104,601,104,604,104,607,104,610,104,613,104,615,104,617,104,620,104,627,104,633,104,637,104,641,104,645,104,650,104,654,104,657,104,660,84],{"style":103},[94,586],{"x":587,"y":588,"width":589,"height":590,"rx":591,"fill":592,"opacity":593,"stroke":594,"style":111},"20.0","58.0","350.0","149.0","10","#ff595e","0.12","#d83b41",[596,597],"circle",{"cx":598,"cy":599,"r":600,"fill":592,"stroke":594,"style":111},"40.0","103.0","2.5",[596,602],{"cx":598,"cy":603,"r":600,"fill":592,"stroke":594,"style":111},"125.0",[596,605],{"cx":598,"cy":606,"r":600,"fill":592,"stroke":594,"style":111},"146.9",[94,608],{"x":609,"y":588,"width":589,"height":590,"rx":591,"fill":119,"opacity":120,"stroke":121,"style":111},"390.0",[596,611],{"cx":612,"cy":599,"r":600,"fill":119,"stroke":121,"style":111},"410.0",[596,614],{"cx":612,"cy":603,"r":600,"fill":119,"stroke":121,"style":111},[596,616],{"cx":612,"cy":606,"r":600,"fill":119,"stroke":121,"style":111},[161,618,619],{"x":163,"y":164,"fill":165,"style":166},"The add_header inheritance rule",[161,621,626],{"x":622,"y":623,"fill":624,"style":625},"34.0","83.5","#b32b30","font-size:13.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","Before",[161,628,632],{"x":629,"y":630,"fill":165,"style":631},"50.0","107.0","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start","server: 3 security headers",[161,634,636],{"x":629,"y":635,"fill":165,"style":631},"129.0","location \u002F_astro\u002F: Cache-Control",[161,638,640],{"x":629,"y":639,"fill":165,"style":631},"150.9","asset response: Cache-Control only",[161,642,644],{"x":622,"y":643,"fill":165,"style":171},"193.0","security headers lost on assets",[161,646,649],{"x":647,"y":623,"fill":648,"style":625},"404.0","#3f6410","After",[161,651,653],{"x":652,"y":630,"fill":165,"style":631},"420.0","snippet included per location",[161,655,656],{"x":652,"y":635,"fill":165,"style":631},"location \u002F_astro\u002F: snippet + Cache-Control",[161,658,659],{"x":652,"y":639,"fill":165,"style":631},"asset response: all 4 headers",[161,661,662],{"x":647,"y":643,"fill":165,"style":171},"nothing lost",[254,664,665],{},"Nginx does not merge add_header across levels; a location with any add_header replaces the inherited set entirely.",[41,667,669],{"id":668},"step-3-check-every-kind-of-response","Step 3: Check Every Kind of Response",[262,671,673],{"className":526,"code":672,"language":528,"meta":267,"style":267},"for u in \u002F \u002Fguides\u002Fdeploy\u002F \u002F_astro\u002Findex.4f8c1b.css \u002Ffavicon.ico \u002Fmissing-page\u002F; do\n  printf '%-30s ' \"$u\"; curl -sI \"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.example.com$u\" | grep -iE '^(HTTP|cache-control)' | tr '\\r\\n' '  '; echo\ndone\n",[18,674,675,680,685],{"__ignoreMap":267},[271,676,677],{"class":273,"line":274},[271,678,679],{},"for u in \u002F \u002Fguides\u002Fdeploy\u002F \u002F_astro\u002Findex.4f8c1b.css \u002Ffavicon.ico \u002Fmissing-page\u002F; do\n",[271,681,682],{"class":273,"line":280},[271,683,684],{},"  printf '%-30s ' \"$u\"; curl -sI \"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.example.com$u\" | grep -iE '^(HTTP|cache-control)' | tr '\\r\\n' '  '; echo\n",[271,686,687],{"class":273,"line":286},[271,688,689],{},"done\n",[14,691,692,693,696,697,699],{},"The ",[18,694,695],{},"always"," parameter matters for the 404: without it, Nginx adds headers only to 200, 201, 204, 206, 301, 302, 303, 304, 307 and 308 responses, so the 404 page went out with no ",[18,698,181],{}," and no security headers.",[41,701,703],{"id":702},"step-4-revalidation-with-etags","Step 4: Revalidation With ETags",[14,705,706,707,710,711,714,715,718,719,722,723,726,727,730,731,734],{},"HTML with ",[18,708,709],{},"max-age=0, must-revalidate"," is only cheap if revalidation is cheap. Nginx sends ",[18,712,713],{},"ETag"," (based on modification time and size) and ",[18,716,717],{},"Last-Modified"," for files on disk, and answers conditional requests with 304. The deploy script used ",[18,720,721],{},"rsync"," without ",[18,724,725],{},"--times",", so every deploy gave every file a new modification time and every ETag changed — even for the 95% of HTML that had not changed. Adding ",[18,728,729],{},"-t"," (preserve times) to rsync, and building with a fixed ",[18,732,733],{},"SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"," so unchanged pages are byte-identical, made most revalidations after a deploy return 304.",[262,736,738],{"className":526,"code":737,"language":528,"meta":267,"style":267},"rsync -a --checksum --delete dist\u002F deploy@docs:\u002Fsrv\u002Fdocs\u002Freleases\u002F$REL\u002F\n",[18,739,740],{"__ignoreMap":267},[271,741,742],{"class":273,"line":274},[271,743,737],{},[14,745,746,749,750,753],{},[18,747,748],{},"--checksum"," copies only files whose content changed, and ",[18,751,752],{},"-a"," preserves modification times on the rest.",[41,755,757],{"id":756},"step-5-compression-and-vary","Step 5: Compression and Vary",[14,759,760,761,764,765,768,769,772,773,776,777,781],{},"If Nginx compresses responses (",[18,762,763],{},"gzip on;"," or serving precompressed files with ",[18,766,767],{},"gzip_static on;","), it must send ",[18,770,771],{},"Vary: Accept-Encoding"," so caches between the server and the browser do not serve a compressed body to a client that cannot decode it. ",[18,774,775],{},"gzip_vary on;"," does that. ",[30,778,780],{"href":779},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fself-hosting-static-sites\u002Fbrotli-and-gzip-precompression-served-by-nginx\u002F","Brotli and Gzip Precompression Served by Nginx"," covers precompression.",[41,783,785],{"id":784},"when-a-cdn-sits-in-front","When a CDN Sits in Front",[14,787,788,789,792],{},"Many self-hosted sites later add a CDN in front of Nginx. The same headers work, with one addition: the CDN should be allowed to cache HTML longer than browsers do, because the CDN can be purged on deploy and browsers cannot. Adding ",[18,790,791],{},"s-maxage"," to the HTML location expresses that without changing browser behaviour:",[262,794,796],{"className":264,"code":795,"language":266,"meta":267,"style":267},"add_header Cache-Control \"public, max-age=0, s-maxage=86400, stale-while-revalidate=600, must-revalidate\" always;\n",[18,797,798],{"__ignoreMap":267},[271,799,800],{"class":273,"line":274},[271,801,795],{},[14,803,804,805,807,808,812],{},"Browsers ignore ",[18,806,791],{}," and keep revalidating every visit; the CDN keeps HTML for a day and serves it stale for up to ten minutes while refetching in the background. The deploy script then purges changed paths at the CDN, as described in ",[30,809,811],{"href":810},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fpurging-the-cdn-cache-after-a-static-deploy\u002F","Purging the CDN Cache After a Static Deploy",". With that in place, Nginx served about 3% of requests on this site, almost all of them revalidations and post-deploy fetches.",[14,814,815,816,819,820,823,824,827,828,831],{},"Two Nginx settings needed checking once a CDN was involved. ",[18,817,818],{},"etag on"," stays useful, because the CDN revalidates against the origin with ",[18,821,822],{},"If-None-Match"," and receives 304s just as browsers did. And ",[18,825,826],{},"real_ip_header"," with the CDN's published address ranges in ",[18,829,830],{},"set_real_ip_from"," makes access logs show readers' addresses rather than the CDN's, which the team needed for the 404 report.",[41,833,835],{"id":834},"testing-the-headers-in-ci","Testing the Headers in CI",[14,837,838,839,841],{},"Headers regress when someone adds a location block for a new feature. A short test runs against a staging server after every Nginx config change and fails if any kind of response lacks its expected ",[18,840,181],{}," or any security header:",[262,843,845],{"className":526,"code":844,"language":528,"meta":267,"style":267},"check() { curl -sI \"$STAGING$1\" | grep -qi \"^$2\" || { echo \"missing $2 on $1\"; exit 1; }; }\nfor p in \u002F \u002Fguides\u002Fdeploy\u002F \u002F_astro\u002Findex.css \u002Ffavicon.ico \u002Fdoes-not-exist\u002F; do\n  check \"$p\" \"cache-control\"; check \"$p\" \"x-content-type-options\"; check \"$p\" \"strict-transport-security\"\ndone\n",[18,846,847,852,857,862],{"__ignoreMap":267},[271,848,849],{"class":273,"line":274},[271,850,851],{},"check() { curl -sI \"$STAGING$1\" | grep -qi \"^$2\" || { echo \"missing $2 on $1\"; exit 1; }; }\n",[271,853,854],{"class":273,"line":280},[271,855,856],{},"for p in \u002F \u002Fguides\u002Fdeploy\u002F \u002F_astro\u002Findex.css \u002Ffavicon.ico \u002Fdoes-not-exist\u002F; do\n",[271,858,859],{"class":273,"line":286},[271,860,861],{},"  check \"$p\" \"cache-control\"; check \"$p\" \"x-content-type-options\"; check \"$p\" \"strict-transport-security\"\n",[271,863,864],{"class":273,"line":292},[271,865,689],{},[14,867,868],{},"The asset path uses a stable alias that the deploy keeps pointing at the current CSS bundle.",[41,870,872],{"id":871},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[14,874,875],{},"Repeat-visit performance on a mid-range phone, WebPageTest, first view followed by a repeat view of a different page, before and after:",[877,878,879,896],"table",{},[880,881,882],"thead",{},[883,884,885,889,891,893],"tr",{},[886,887,888],"th",{},"Measure (repeat view)",[886,890,626],{},[886,892,649],{},[886,894,895],{},"Tool",[897,898,899,914,927,940,956],"tbody",{},[883,900,901,905,908,911],{},[902,903,904],"td",{},"Requests to origin",[902,906,907],{},"24",[902,909,910],{},"3 (HTML 304, 2 new assets)",[902,912,913],{},"WebPageTest",[883,915,916,919,922,925],{},[902,917,918],{},"Bytes transferred",[902,920,921],{},"410 KB",[902,923,924],{},"18 KB",[902,926,913],{},[883,928,929,932,935,938],{},[902,930,931],{},"LCP",[902,933,934],{},"1.9 s",[902,936,937],{},"0.9 s",[902,939,913],{},[883,941,942,945,948,951],{},[902,943,944],{},"Assets missing security headers",[902,946,947],{},"All CSS\u002FJS\u002Fimages",[902,949,950],{},"None",[902,952,953,955],{},[18,954,27],{}," + scan",[883,957,958,961,964,967],{},[902,959,960],{},"HTML 304 rate after a deploy",[902,962,963],{},"4%",[902,965,966],{},"93%",[902,968,969],{},"Nginx access log",[73,971,972,1078],{},[76,973,84,978,84,981,84,984,84,987],{"viewBox":974,"role":79,"ariaLabelledBy":975,"xmlns":83},"0 0 760 248",[976,977],"ngxcc-repeat-title","ngxcc-repeat-desc",[86,979,980],{"id":976},"Requests, bytes and LCP on a repeat visit before and after the header changes",[90,982,983],{"id":977},"Paired bars. Requests to the origin went from 24 to 3. Bytes transferred went from 410 to 18 kilobytes. LCP went from 1,900 to 900 milliseconds.",[94,985],{"x":96,"y":96,"width":97,"height":986,"fill":99},"248",[101,988,104,989,104,996,104,1000,104,1007,104,1011,104,1015,104,1019,104,1023,104,1027,104,1030,104,1033,104,1038,104,1041,104,1044,104,1049,104,1053,104,1057,104,1062,104,1067,104,1070,104,1074,84],{"style":103},[94,990],{"x":991,"y":629,"width":992,"height":993,"rx":994,"fill":592,"opacity":995,"stroke":594,"style":122},"306.8","14.0","12.0","2","0.3",[94,997],{"x":998,"y":629,"width":992,"height":993,"rx":994,"fill":119,"opacity":999,"stroke":121,"style":122},"398.4","0.4",[94,1001],{"x":1002,"y":1003,"width":1004,"height":1005,"rx":1006,"fill":592,"opacity":995,"stroke":594,"style":122},"230.0","82.0","27.2","16.0","3",[94,1008],{"x":1002,"y":1009,"width":1010,"height":1005,"rx":1006,"fill":119,"opacity":999,"stroke":121,"style":122},"102.0","3.4",[94,1012],{"x":1002,"y":1013,"width":1014,"height":1005,"rx":1006,"fill":592,"opacity":995,"stroke":594,"style":122},"134.0","465.3",[94,1016],{"x":1002,"y":1017,"width":1018,"height":1005,"rx":1006,"fill":119,"opacity":999,"stroke":121,"style":122},"154.0","20.4",[94,1020],{"x":1002,"y":1021,"width":1022,"height":1005,"rx":1006,"fill":592,"opacity":995,"stroke":594,"style":122},"186.0","215.6",[94,1024],{"x":1002,"y":1025,"width":1026,"height":1005,"rx":1006,"fill":119,"opacity":999,"stroke":121,"style":122},"206.0","102.1",[106,1028],{"d":1029,"fill":109,"stroke":110,"style":111},"M230.0 78.0 L230.0 228.0",[161,1031,1032],{"x":163,"y":164,"fill":165,"style":166},"Repeat visit, before and after",[161,1034,626],{"x":1035,"y":1036,"fill":110,"style":1037},"326.8","60.0","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start",[161,1039,649],{"x":1040,"y":1036,"fill":110,"style":1037},"418.4",[161,1042,904],{"x":587,"y":1043,"fill":165,"style":1037},"105.2",[161,1045,907],{"x":1046,"y":1047,"fill":624,"style":1048},"264.2","94.5","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700",[161,1050,1006],{"x":1051,"y":1052,"fill":648,"style":1048},"240.4","114.5",[161,1054,1056],{"x":587,"y":1055,"fill":165,"style":1037},"157.2","KB transferred",[161,1058,1061],{"x":1059,"y":1060,"fill":624,"style":1048},"702.3","146.5","410",[161,1063,1066],{"x":1064,"y":1065,"fill":648,"style":1048},"257.4","166.5","18",[161,1068,931],{"x":587,"y":1069,"fill":165,"style":1037},"209.2",[161,1071,934],{"x":1072,"y":1073,"fill":624,"style":1048},"452.6","198.5",[161,1075,937],{"x":1076,"y":1077,"fill":648,"style":1048},"339.1","218.5",[254,1079,1080],{},"WebPageTest, Moto G Power, 4G, repeat view of a second page; median of nine runs.",[14,1082,1083,1084,1087],{},"Before the change, assets had been sent with ",[18,1085,1086],{},"expires 7d"," from an old config, so repeat visits within a week mostly hit the cache; the measured \"before\" was a visit after eight days, which is typical for a docs site's returning readers.",[41,1089,1091],{"id":1090},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[46,1093,1094,1103,1111,1121,1127],{},[49,1095,1096,1102],{},[1097,1098,1099,1101],"strong",{},[18,1100,20],{}," in a location without the shared headers."," Include them in every location.",[49,1104,1105,1110],{},[1097,1106,1107,1108,39],{},"Forgetting ",[18,1109,695],{}," Error responses then go out without headers.",[49,1112,1113,1120],{},[1097,1114,1115,1116,1119],{},"Long ",[18,1117,1118],{},"max-age"," on HTML."," Readers keep stale pages with no way to purge browsers.",[49,1122,1123,1126],{},[1097,1124,1125],{},"Deploys that reset modification times."," ETags change and revalidation stops saving anything.",[49,1128,1129,1132,1133,1136],{},[1097,1130,1131],{},"Rollback:"," the change is one server block and one snippet; ",[18,1134,1135],{},"nginx -t && systemctl reload nginx"," applies or reverts it in seconds.",[41,1138,1140],{"id":1139},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,1142,1143,1144,1146],{},"In Nginx, a static site's caching comes down to three location blocks — hashed assets for a year with ",[18,1145,202],{},", unhashed files for a day, HTML revalidated every time — plus a short-lived 404. Including shared headers in every location avoids the inheritance trap that had stripped security headers from every asset, and preserving file times on deploy made 93% of post-deploy HTML revalidations cheap 304s.",[41,1148,1150],{"id":1149},"faq","FAQ",[1152,1153,1155],"h3",{"id":1154},"why-do-my-nginx-add_header-directives-disappear-in-some-locations","Why do my Nginx add_header directives disappear in some locations?",[14,1157,1158],{},"add_header is inherited from the parent block only if the current block has no add_header of its own. As soon as a location defines one header, every header from the server block is dropped for that location. Repeat shared headers in each location, put them in an included snippet, or use the headers-more module, which does not have this behaviour.",[1152,1160,1162],{"id":1161},"what-cache-control-should-html-get-on-a-static-site","What Cache-Control should HTML get on a static site?",[14,1164,1165],{},"Short or zero freshness with revalidation, such as public, max-age=0, must-revalidate, so browsers check for a new version on each visit and get a quick 304 when nothing changed. If a CDN sits in front, give it a longer s-maxage and purge on deploy. Never give HTML a long max-age without a way to purge it.",[1152,1167,1169],{"id":1168},"should-i-use-expires-or-add_header-cache-control-in-nginx","Should I use expires or add_header Cache-Control in Nginx?",[14,1171,1172],{},"Either. The expires directive sets both Expires and a Cache-Control max-age, which is convenient but does not add immutable or public. add_header Cache-Control gives full control over the directives. Using add_header alone, and expires off, avoids two directives fighting over the same header.",[1152,1174,1176],{"id":1175},"does-nginx-send-etag-and-last-modified-for-static-files","Does Nginx send ETag and Last-Modified for static files?",[14,1178,1179],{},"Yes, by default for files served from disk. Browsers use them to revalidate and receive 304 Not Modified responses. Deploys that rewrite every file with a new modification time change Last-Modified even when content is identical, so content-based ETags or preserving timestamps in the deploy tool reduce unnecessary downloads.",[41,1181,1183],{"id":1182},"related","Related",[46,1185,1186,1195,1200,1208,1215],{},[49,1187,1188,1191,1192,1194],{},[1097,1189,1190],{},"Parent:"," ",[30,1193,33],{"href":32}," — caching policy across hosts.",[49,1196,1197,1199],{},[30,1198,38],{"href":37}," — the full server configuration.",[49,1201,1202,1204,1205,1207],{},[30,1203,59],{"href":58}," — what makes ",[18,1206,202],{}," safe.",[49,1209,1210,1214],{},[30,1211,1213],{"href":1212},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-cache-control-headers-on-cloudflare-pages\u002F","Cache-Control Headers on Cloudflare Pages"," — the same policy on a managed host.",[49,1216,1217,1221],{},[30,1218,1220],{"href":1219},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fself-hosting-static-sites\u002Fnginx-vs-caddy-for-serving-static-sites\u002F","Nginx vs Caddy for Serving Static Sites"," — how Caddy handles the same headers.",[1223,1224,1225],"style",{},"html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":267,"searchDepth":280,"depth":280,"links":1227},[1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1246],{"id":43,"depth":280,"text":44},{"id":70,"depth":280,"text":71},{"id":259,"depth":280,"text":260},{"id":507,"depth":280,"text":508},{"id":668,"depth":280,"text":669},{"id":702,"depth":280,"text":703},{"id":756,"depth":280,"text":757},{"id":784,"depth":280,"text":785},{"id":834,"depth":280,"text":835},{"id":871,"depth":280,"text":872},{"id":1090,"depth":280,"text":1091},{"id":1139,"depth":280,"text":1140},{"id":1149,"depth":280,"text":1150,"children":1241},[1242,1243,1244,1245],{"id":1154,"depth":286,"text":1155},{"id":1161,"depth":286,"text":1162},{"id":1168,"depth":286,"text":1169},{"id":1175,"depth":286,"text":1176},{"id":1182,"depth":280,"text":1183},[1248,1251,1254,1255],{"name":1249,"item":1250},"Home","\u002F",{"name":1252,"item":1253},"Core Web Vitals Optimization for SSGs","\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002F",{"name":33,"item":32},{"name":5,"item":1256},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-for-static-sites-in-nginx\u002F","2026-10-02","Set Cache-Control in Nginx for a static site: immutable hashed assets, revalidated HTML, short-lived 404s and the add_header inheritance 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CDNs",{"path":1684,"title":1685},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcaching-404s-and-redirects-at-the-edge","Caching 404s and Redirects at the Edge",{"path":1687,"title":1688},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcloudflare-vs-cloudfront-cache-hit-ratios-for-static-sites","Cloudflare vs CloudFront Cache Hit Ratios for Static Sites",{"path":1690,"title":1691},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ffixing-stale-html-after-deploys-on-cloudflare","Fixing Stale HTML After Deploys on Cloudflare",{"path":1693,"title":33},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs",{"path":1695,"title":811},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fpurging-the-cdn-cache-after-a-static-deploy",{"path":1697,"title":1213},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-cache-control-headers-on-cloudflare-pages",{"path":1699,"title":1700},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-up-proper-cache-headers-on-netlify","Proper Cache Headers on Netlify for SSGs",{"path":1702,"title":1703},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fstale-while-revalidate-for-static-html","Stale-While-Revalidate for Static HTML",{"path":1705,"title":1706},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield","Tiered Caching and Origin Shield",{"path":1708,"title":1709},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fcode-splitting-and-module-preload-in-vite-based-ssgs","Code Splitting and Module Preload in Vite-Based SSGs",{"path":1711,"title":1712},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-missing-tailwind-classes-in-production-builds","Fixing Missing Tailwind Classes in Production Builds",{"path":1714,"title":1715},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-unused-javascript-warnings-on-static-pages","Fixing Unused JavaScript Warnings on Static Pages",{"path":1717,"title":1718},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization","CSS and JavaScript Asset Optimization",{"path":1720,"title":1721},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Finlining-critical-css-on-static-sites","Inlining Critical CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1723,"title":1724},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fkeeping-tailwind-css-output-small-on-static-sites","Keeping Tailwind CSS Output Small on Static Sites",{"path":1726,"title":1727},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fminifying-html-css-and-js-in-eleventy","Minifying HTML, CSS and JS in Eleventy",{"path":1729,"title":1730},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd","Precompressing Assets with Brotli and Zstd",{"path":1732,"title":1733},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fpurging-unused-css-with-tailwind-and-lightningcss","Purging Unused CSS with Tailwind and Lightning CSS",{"path":1735,"title":1736},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fsvg-icon-sprites-vs-inline-icons","SVG Icon Sprites vs Inline Icons",{"path":1738,"title":1739},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ftailwind-v4-in-astro-without-postcss-plugins","Tailwind v4 in Astro Without PostCSS 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