[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2192},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-on-s3-and-cloudfront":3,"all-docs-nav":1043,"filed:\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-on-s3-and-cloudfront":2183},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1019,"dateModified":1029,"datePublished":1029,"description":1030,"extension":1031,"faq":1032,"meta":1037,"navigation":283,"path":1038,"seo":1039,"slug":12,"stem":1040,"type":1041,"__hash__":1042},"content\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-on-s3-and-cloudfront\u002Findex.md","Cache-Control Headers on S3 and CloudFront",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":999},"minimark",[9,13,17,31,36,66,70,229,233,243,308,318,333,347,351,371,379,383,386,406,420,501,505,511,587,596,600,626,630,645,649,746,861,866,870,914,918,921,925,930,933,937,940,944,947,951,954,958,995],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"cache-control-headers-on-s3-and-cloudfront",[14,15,16],"p",{},"S3 with CloudFront is still one of the most common ways to host a static site, especially in organisations already on AWS. Its caching has three places to configure — object metadata in S3, the distribution's cache policy, and optionally a response headers policy — and they interact in ways that are easy to misread. The most frequent result is one of two problems: everything cached with the same headers (so HTML goes stale or assets revalidate constantly), or headers set correctly once and lost on the next deploy because the upload command did not reapply them.",[14,18,19,20,25,26,30],{},"This guide sets up caching for an Eleventy documentation site on S3 and CloudFront, using upload metadata for browser caching, a cache policy for edge caching, and targeted invalidations, then measures TTFB and repeat-visit performance. It belongs to ",[21,22,24],"a",{"href":23},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002F","CDN Caching Rules for SSGs","; the base deployment is in ",[21,27,29],{"href":28},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fself-hosting-static-sites\u002Fdeploying-a-static-site-to-s3-and-cloudfront\u002F","Deploying a Static Site to S3 and CloudFront",".",[32,33,35],"h2",{"id":34},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[37,38,39,43,46],"ul",{},[40,41,42],"li",{},"A private S3 bucket behind a CloudFront distribution with an origin access control.",[40,44,45],{},"Hashed filenames for CSS, JavaScript and processed images.",[40,47,48,49,53,54,57,58,61,62,30],{},"An IAM role for CI with ",[50,51,52],"code",{},"s3:PutObject",", ",[50,55,56],{},"s3:DeleteObject"," and ",[50,59,60],{},"cloudfront:CreateInvalidation",", ideally assumed through OIDC as in ",[21,63,65],{"href":64},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fsecurity-headers-for-static-sites\u002Fsecuring-deploy-credentials-with-github-oidc\u002F","Securing Deploy Credentials with GitHub OIDC",[32,67,69],{"id":68},"how-the-three-layers-interact","How the Three Layers Interact",[71,72,73,225],"figure",{},[74,75,82,83,82,87,82,91,82,98,82,210],"svg",{"viewBox":76,"role":77,"ariaLabelledBy":78,"xmlns":81},"0 0 760 328","img",[79,80],"s3cf-seq-title","s3cf-seq-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[84,85,86],"title",{"id":79},"How S3 metadata, the CloudFront cache policy and the browser interact",[88,89,90],"desc",{"id":80},"Four actors, the browser, CloudFront, the cache policy and S3. CloudFront requests the object from S3, which returns it with the Cache-Control set at upload. The cache policy clamps CloudFront's own TTL between its minimum and maximum. CloudFront stores the object for that time and sends the original Cache-Control on to the browser, which caches according to max-age.",[92,93],"rect",{"x":94,"y":94,"width":95,"height":96,"fill":97},"0","760","328","#ffffff",[99,100,102,103,102,113,102,116,102,119,102,122,102,129,102,132,102,136,102,139,102,142,102,146,102,149,102,152,102,155,102,162,102,168,102,172,102,176,102,180,102,186,102,190,102,194,102,198,102,202,102,206,82],"g",{"style":101},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[92,104],{"x":105,"y":106,"width":107,"height":108,"rx":109,"fill":110,"stroke":111,"style":112},"30.0","56.0","160.0","42.9","8","#f8fafc","#d9e2ef","stroke-width:1.5px",[92,114],{"x":115,"y":106,"width":107,"height":108,"rx":109,"fill":110,"stroke":111,"style":112},"210.0",[92,117],{"x":118,"y":106,"width":107,"height":108,"rx":109,"fill":110,"stroke":111,"style":112},"390.0",[92,120],{"x":121,"y":106,"width":107,"height":108,"rx":109,"fill":110,"stroke":111,"style":112},"570.0",[123,124],"path",{"d":125,"fill":126,"stroke":127,"style":128},"M114.0 133.9 L284.0 133.9","none","#556071","stroke-width:1.8px;marker-end:url(#s3cf-seq-arrow)",[123,130],{"d":131,"fill":126,"stroke":127,"style":128},"M294.0 166.8 L644.0 166.8",[123,133],{"d":134,"fill":126,"stroke":127,"style":135},"M646.0 199.8 L296.0 199.8","stroke-width:1.8px;stroke-dasharray:5 4;marker-end:url(#s3cf-seq-arrow)",[123,137],{"d":138,"fill":126,"stroke":127,"style":128},"M294.0 247.7 L464.0 247.7",[123,140],{"d":141,"fill":126,"stroke":127,"style":135},"M286.0 295.5 L116.0 295.5",[123,143],{"d":144,"fill":126,"stroke":111,"style":145},"M110.0 100.9 L110.0 311.5","stroke-width:1.5px;stroke-dasharray:4 4",[123,147],{"d":148,"fill":126,"stroke":111,"style":145},"M290.0 100.9 L290.0 311.5",[123,150],{"d":151,"fill":126,"stroke":111,"style":145},"M470.0 100.9 L470.0 311.5",[123,153],{"d":154,"fill":126,"stroke":111,"style":145},"M650.0 100.9 L650.0 311.5",[156,157,161],"text",{"x":158,"y":105,"fill":159,"style":160},"380.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Who decides how long a file is cached",[156,163,167],{"x":164,"y":165,"fill":159,"style":166},"110.0","82.7","font-size:13px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Browser",[156,169,171],{"x":170,"y":165,"fill":159,"style":166},"290.0","CloudFront",[156,173,175],{"x":174,"y":165,"fill":159,"style":166},"470.0","Cache policy",[156,177,179],{"x":178,"y":165,"fill":159,"style":166},"650.0","S3",[156,181,185],{"x":182,"y":183,"fill":159,"style":184},"200.0","125.8","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle","GET \u002Fguide\u002F",[156,187,189],{"x":174,"y":188,"fill":159,"style":184},"158.8","fetch on miss",[156,191,193],{"x":174,"y":192,"fill":127,"style":184},"191.7","object + Cache-Control metadata",[156,195,197],{"x":158,"y":196,"fill":159,"style":184},"224.7","clamp TTL: min ≤ s-maxage",[156,199,201],{"x":158,"y":200,"fill":159,"style":184},"239.6","≤ max",[156,203,205],{"x":182,"y":204,"fill":127,"style":184},"272.6","object + original",[156,207,209],{"x":182,"y":208,"fill":127,"style":184},"287.5","Cache-Control",[211,212,102,213,82],"defs",{},[214,215,221,222,102],"marker",{"id":216,"viewBox":217,"refX":109,"refY":218,"markerWidth":219,"markerHeight":219,"orient":220},"s3cf-seq-arrow","0 0 10 10","5","7","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[123,223],{"d":224,"fill":127},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[226,227,228],"figcaption",{},"Browsers always see the S3 metadata unless a response headers policy overrides it; CloudFront's own TTL is the header clamped by the policy.",[32,230,232],{"id":231},"step-1-upload-with-the-right-metadata","Step 1: Upload With the Right Metadata",[14,234,235,238,239,242],{},[50,236,237],{},"aws s3 sync"," applies ",[50,240,241],{},"--cache-control"," to every file it uploads, so two passes give two policies:",[244,245,250],"pre",{"className":246,"code":247,"language":248,"meta":249,"style":249},"language-sh shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# Hashed assets: a year, immutable\naws s3 sync _site\u002F \"s3:\u002F\u002F$BUCKET\u002F\" --delete \\\n  --exclude '*' --include 'assets\u002F*' --include 'img\u002F*' \\\n  --cache-control 'public, max-age=31536000, immutable'\n\n# Everything else (HTML, feeds, sitemaps): browsers revalidate, edge keeps a day\naws s3 sync _site\u002F \"s3:\u002F\u002F$BUCKET\u002F\" --delete \\\n  --exclude 'assets\u002F*' --exclude 'img\u002F*' \\\n  --cache-control 'public, max-age=0, s-maxage=86400, must-revalidate'\n","sh","",[50,251,252,260,266,272,278,285,291,296,302],{"__ignoreMap":249},[253,254,257],"span",{"class":255,"line":256},"line",1,[253,258,259],{},"# Hashed assets: a year, immutable\n",[253,261,263],{"class":255,"line":262},2,[253,264,265],{},"aws s3 sync _site\u002F \"s3:\u002F\u002F$BUCKET\u002F\" --delete \\\n",[253,267,269],{"class":255,"line":268},3,[253,270,271],{},"  --exclude '*' --include 'assets\u002F*' --include 'img\u002F*' \\\n",[253,273,275],{"class":255,"line":274},4,[253,276,277],{},"  --cache-control 'public, max-age=31536000, immutable'\n",[253,279,281],{"class":255,"line":280},5,[253,282,284],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":283},true,"\n",[253,286,288],{"class":255,"line":287},6,[253,289,290],{},"# Everything else (HTML, feeds, sitemaps): browsers revalidate, edge keeps a day\n",[253,292,294],{"class":255,"line":293},7,[253,295,265],{},[253,297,299],{"class":255,"line":298},8,[253,300,301],{},"  --exclude 'assets\u002F*' --exclude 'img\u002F*' \\\n",[253,303,305],{"class":255,"line":304},9,[253,306,307],{},"  --cache-control 'public, max-age=0, s-maxage=86400, must-revalidate'\n",[14,309,310,311,314,315,317],{},"A subtle problem: ",[50,312,313],{},"sync"," uploads only files that changed, by size and timestamp. Changing the ",[50,316,241],{}," value in the script does not update files that have not changed, so after a policy change most objects keep the old metadata. Fixing existing objects needs a one-off copy-in-place:",[244,319,321],{"className":246,"code":320,"language":248,"meta":249,"style":249},"aws s3 cp \"s3:\u002F\u002F$BUCKET\u002F\" \"s3:\u002F\u002F$BUCKET\u002F\" --recursive --exclude '*' --include '*.html' \\\n  --metadata-directive REPLACE --content-type text\u002Fhtml --cache-control 'public, max-age=0, s-maxage=86400, must-revalidate'\n",[50,322,323,328],{"__ignoreMap":249},[253,324,325],{"class":255,"line":256},[253,326,327],{},"aws s3 cp \"s3:\u002F\u002F$BUCKET\u002F\" \"s3:\u002F\u002F$BUCKET\u002F\" --recursive --exclude '*' --include '*.html' \\\n",[253,329,330],{"class":255,"line":262},[253,331,332],{},"  --metadata-directive REPLACE --content-type text\u002Fhtml --cache-control 'public, max-age=0, s-maxage=86400, must-revalidate'\n",[14,334,335,338,339,342,343,346],{},[50,336,337],{},"--metadata-directive REPLACE"," requires restating ",[50,340,341],{},"Content-Type",", or S3 sets it to ",[50,344,345],{},"binary\u002Foctet-stream"," and browsers download the HTML instead of displaying it — which is exactly what happened on the first attempt, for 40 seconds on a staging bucket.",[32,348,350],{"id":349},"step-2-a-cache-policy-that-respects-the-headers","Step 2: A Cache Policy That Respects the Headers",[14,352,353,354,357,358,361,362,365,366,370],{},"The distribution used the managed ",[50,355,356],{},"CachingOptimized"," policy, which has a minimum TTL of 1 second, default 1 day and maximum 1 year, and excludes query strings and cookies from the cache key. For this site that was right: CloudFront honours ",[50,359,360],{},"s-maxage=86400"," for HTML and ",[50,363,364],{},"max-age=31536000"," for assets. A custom policy is needed only to change the key, for example to include a query string a page depends on. ",[21,367,369],{"href":368},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-keys-and-query-strings-on-cdns\u002F","Cache Keys and Query Strings on CDNs"," covers when that is necessary.",[14,372,373,374,378],{},"The earlier configuration had used the legacy \"use origin cache headers\" setting with a ",[375,376,377],"em",{},"minimum TTL of 86,400",", set by someone trying to improve the hit ratio. That forced CloudFront to keep even 404 responses for a day.",[32,380,382],{"id":381},"step-3-invalidate-only-what-changed","Step 3: Invalidate Only What Changed",[14,384,385],{},"Each deploy compares the new build with a manifest of the previous one and invalidates only changed HTML paths:",[244,387,389],{"className":246,"code":388,"language":248,"meta":249,"style":249},"node scripts\u002Fchanged-paths.mjs prev-manifest.json _site > changed.txt   # e.g. \u002Fguide\u002Finstall\u002F \u002Findex.html\n[ -s changed.txt ] && aws cloudfront create-invalidation --distribution-id \"$DIST\" \\\n  --paths $(head -n 3000 changed.txt | tr '\\n' ' ')\n",[50,390,391,396,401],{"__ignoreMap":249},[253,392,393],{"class":255,"line":256},[253,394,395],{},"node scripts\u002Fchanged-paths.mjs prev-manifest.json _site > changed.txt   # e.g. \u002Fguide\u002Finstall\u002F \u002Findex.html\n",[253,397,398],{"class":255,"line":262},[253,399,400],{},"[ -s changed.txt ] && aws cloudfront create-invalidation --distribution-id \"$DIST\" \\\n",[253,402,403],{"class":255,"line":268},[253,404,405],{},"  --paths $(head -n 3000 changed.txt | tr '\\n' ' ')\n",[14,407,408,409,57,412,415,416,419],{},"Directory-style URLs need both forms invalidated (",[50,410,411],{},"\u002Fguide\u002Finstall\u002F",[50,413,414],{},"\u002Fguide\u002Finstall\u002Findex.html",") if readers can reach both. Typical deploys changed 5–40 pages; a template change that touched every page falls back to ",[50,417,418],{},"\u002F*",". The first 1,000 invalidation paths a month are free.",[71,421,422,498],{},[74,423,82,428,82,431,82,434,82,437],{"viewBox":424,"role":77,"ariaLabelledBy":425,"xmlns":81},"0 0 760 176",[426,427],"s3cf-inval-title","s3cf-inval-desc",[84,429,430],{"id":426},"Number of invalidation paths per deploy over one month",[88,432,433],{"id":427},"Horizontal bars of deploy types over a month. Content edits, 34 deploys averaging 12 paths each. Navigation or template changes, 3 deploys using a single wildcard. Asset-only changes, 5 deploys with 0 paths because hashed assets need no invalidation.",[92,435],{"x":94,"y":94,"width":95,"height":436,"fill":97},"176",[99,438,102,439,102,449,102,456,102,463,102,466,102,469,102,474,102,480,102,484,102,489,102,493,82],{"style":101},[92,440],{"x":441,"y":442,"width":443,"height":444,"rx":445,"fill":446,"opacity":447,"stroke":446,"style":448},"240.0","65.0","467.2","20.0","3","#1982c4","0.3","stroke-width:1px",[92,450],{"x":441,"y":451,"width":452,"height":444,"rx":445,"fill":453,"opacity":454,"stroke":455,"style":448},"99.0","38.9","#ffca3a","0.45","#a97b00",[92,457],{"x":441,"y":458,"width":459,"height":444,"rx":445,"fill":460,"opacity":461,"stroke":462,"style":448},"133.0","3.0","#8ac926","0.4","#5a8a16",[123,464],{"d":465,"fill":126,"stroke":127,"style":112},"M240.0 60.0 L240.0 158.0",[156,467,468],{"x":158,"y":105,"fill":159,"style":160},"Paths invalidated per deploy",[156,470,473],{"x":444,"y":471,"fill":159,"style":472},"79.2","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start","Content edits (avg paths)",[156,475,479],{"x":476,"y":477,"fill":159,"style":478},"715.2","79.5","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","12",[156,481,483],{"x":444,"y":482,"fill":159,"style":472},"113.2","Template changes (wildcard)",[156,485,488],{"x":486,"y":487,"fill":159,"style":478},"286.9","113.5","1",[156,490,492],{"x":444,"y":491,"fill":159,"style":472},"147.2","Asset-only changes",[156,494,94],{"x":495,"y":496,"fill":497,"style":478},"251.0","147.5","#3f6410",[226,499,500],{},"Total for the month was 411 paths, within the free allowance; before, every deploy invalidated slash star.",[32,502,504],{"id":503},"step-4-override-at-the-edge-when-needed","Step 4: Override at the Edge When Needed",[14,506,507,508,510],{},"Some objects are uploaded by other tools — a CMS export writing PDFs, a separate team's widget bundle — with no ",[50,509,209],{}," metadata at all. A response headers policy can add or override headers at the edge for specific path patterns without touching the objects:",[244,512,516],{"className":513,"code":514,"language":515,"meta":249,"style":249},"language-json shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","{\n  \"CustomHeadersConfig\": { \"Items\": [\n    { \"Header\": \"Cache-Control\", \"Value\": \"public, max-age=86400\", \"Override\": false }\n  ]}\n}\n","json",[50,517,518,524,539,577,582],{"__ignoreMap":249},[253,519,520],{"class":255,"line":256},[253,521,523],{"class":522},"sVt8B","{\n",[253,525,526,530,533,536],{"class":255,"line":262},[253,527,529],{"class":528},"sj4cs","  \"CustomHeadersConfig\"",[253,531,532],{"class":522},": { ",[253,534,535],{"class":528},"\"Items\"",[253,537,538],{"class":522},": [\n",[253,540,541,544,547,550,554,556,559,561,564,566,569,571,574],{"class":255,"line":268},[253,542,543],{"class":522},"    { ",[253,545,546],{"class":528},"\"Header\"",[253,548,549],{"class":522},": ",[253,551,553],{"class":552},"sZZnC","\"Cache-Control\"",[253,555,53],{"class":522},[253,557,558],{"class":528},"\"Value\"",[253,560,549],{"class":522},[253,562,563],{"class":552},"\"public, max-age=86400\"",[253,565,53],{"class":522},[253,567,568],{"class":528},"\"Override\"",[253,570,549],{"class":522},[253,572,573],{"class":528},"false",[253,575,576],{"class":522}," }\n",[253,578,579],{"class":255,"line":274},[253,580,581],{"class":522},"  ]}\n",[253,583,584],{"class":255,"line":280},[253,585,586],{"class":522},"}\n",[14,588,589,592,593,30],{},[50,590,591],{},"Override: false"," adds the header only when the origin did not send one, which makes it a safe default for a cache behaviour on ",[50,594,595],{},"\u002Fdownloads\u002F*",[32,597,599],{"id":598},"keeping-metadata-right-over-time","Keeping Metadata Right Over Time",[14,601,602,603,606,607,610,611,614,615,618,619,621,622,625],{},"Metadata drifts because uploads come from more than one place. Besides CI, two scripts and one person's laptop had written to the bucket over the years. A weekly job lists objects with ",[50,604,605],{},"aws s3api list-objects-v2",", samples their metadata with ",[50,608,609],{},"head-object",", and reports any HTML without ",[50,612,613],{},"max-age=0"," and any hashed asset without ",[50,616,617],{},"immutable",". Its first run found 1,140 HTML objects with no ",[50,620,209],{}," at all — uploaded by an old script that never set it — which CloudFront had been caching for its default TTL of one day and browsers had been caching heuristically for an unpredictable time. The bucket policy now denies ",[50,623,624],{},"PutObject"," to every principal except the CI role, so the deploy is the only writer.",[32,627,629],{"id":628},"compression","Compression",[14,631,632,633,636,637,640,641,644],{},"CloudFront compresses text responses itself when the cache policy enables Gzip and Brotli, so there is no need to upload precompressed files to S3 for this setup. Uploading precompressed ",[50,634,635],{},".br"," files with ",[50,638,639],{},"Content-Encoding"," metadata works too, and allows maximum Brotli settings, but complicates the sync and breaks for clients that do not accept Brotli. On this site, CloudFront's on-the-fly Brotli produced files about 4% larger than ",[50,642,643],{},"brotli -q 11",", which was not worth the complexity.",[32,646,648],{"id":647},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[650,651,652,671],"table",{},[653,654,655],"thead",{},[656,657,658,662,665,668],"tr",{},[659,660,661],"th",{},"Measure",[659,663,664],{},"Before",[659,666,667],{},"After",[659,669,670],{},"Tool",[672,673,674,689,703,716,732],"tbody",{},[656,675,676,680,683,686],{},[677,678,679],"td",{},"HTML edge hit ratio",[677,681,682],{},"61%",[677,684,685],{},"93%",[677,687,688],{},"CloudFront reports",[656,690,691,694,697,700],{},[677,692,693],{},"TTFB p75, HTML, readers outside EU",[677,695,696],{},"310 ms",[677,698,699],{},"190 ms",[677,701,702],{},"RUM",[656,704,705,708,711,713],{},[677,706,707],{},"Repeat-visit requests (second page)",[677,709,710],{},"22",[677,712,445],{},[677,714,715],{},"WebPageTest",[656,717,718,721,726,729],{},[677,719,720],{},"Invalidation paths \u002F month",[677,722,723,724],{},"~42 × ",[50,725,418],{},[677,727,728],{},"411 targeted",[677,730,731],{},"AWS billing",[656,733,734,737,740,743],{},[677,735,736],{},"Stale 404s after publishing a page",[677,738,739],{},"up to 24 h",[677,741,742],{},"60 s",[677,744,745],{},"Manual test",[71,747,748,858],{},[74,749,82,754,82,757,82,760,82,763],{"viewBox":750,"role":77,"ariaLabelledBy":751,"xmlns":81},"0 0 760 248",[752,753],"s3cf-result-title","s3cf-result-desc",[84,755,756],{"id":752},"HTML hit ratio, TTFB and repeat requests before and after",[88,758,759],{"id":753},"Paired bars. HTML edge hit ratio went from 61 to 93 percent. TTFB at the 75th percentile for readers outside the EU went from 310 to 190 milliseconds. Requests on a repeat visit went from 22 to 3.",[92,761],{"x":94,"y":94,"width":95,"height":762,"fill":97},"248",[99,764,102,765,102,774,102,777,102,783,102,787,102,791,102,795,102,799,102,803,102,806,102,809,102,813,102,816,102,820,102,827,102,832,102,836,102,841,102,846,102,850,102,854,82],{"style":101},[92,766],{"x":767,"y":768,"width":769,"height":770,"rx":771,"fill":772,"opacity":447,"stroke":773,"style":448},"306.8","50.0","14.0","12.0","2","#ff595e","#d83b41",[92,775],{"x":776,"y":768,"width":769,"height":770,"rx":771,"fill":460,"opacity":461,"stroke":462,"style":448},"398.4",[92,778],{"x":779,"y":780,"width":781,"height":782,"rx":445,"fill":772,"opacity":447,"stroke":773,"style":448},"230.0","82.0","92.9","16.0",[92,784],{"x":779,"y":785,"width":786,"height":782,"rx":445,"fill":460,"opacity":461,"stroke":462,"style":448},"102.0","141.6",[92,788],{"x":779,"y":789,"width":790,"height":782,"rx":445,"fill":772,"opacity":447,"stroke":773,"style":448},"134.0","471.9",[92,792],{"x":779,"y":793,"width":794,"height":782,"rx":445,"fill":460,"opacity":461,"stroke":462,"style":448},"154.0","289.2",[92,796],{"x":779,"y":797,"width":798,"height":782,"rx":445,"fill":772,"opacity":447,"stroke":773,"style":448},"186.0","33.5",[92,800],{"x":779,"y":801,"width":802,"height":782,"rx":445,"fill":460,"opacity":461,"stroke":462,"style":448},"206.0","4.6",[123,804],{"d":805,"fill":126,"stroke":127,"style":112},"M230.0 78.0 L230.0 228.0",[156,807,808],{"x":158,"y":105,"fill":159,"style":160},"Edge and browser results",[156,810,664],{"x":811,"y":812,"fill":127,"style":472},"326.8","60.0",[156,814,667],{"x":815,"y":812,"fill":127,"style":472},"418.4",[156,817,819],{"x":444,"y":818,"fill":159,"style":472},"105.2","HTML hit ratio (%)",[156,821,826],{"x":822,"y":823,"fill":824,"style":825},"329.9","94.5","#b32b30","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","61",[156,828,831],{"x":829,"y":830,"fill":497,"style":825},"378.6","114.5","93",[156,833,835],{"x":444,"y":834,"fill":159,"style":472},"157.2","TTFB p75 non-EU (ms)",[156,837,840],{"x":838,"y":839,"fill":824,"style":825},"708.9","146.5","310",[156,842,845],{"x":843,"y":844,"fill":497,"style":825},"526.2","166.5","190",[156,847,849],{"x":444,"y":848,"fill":159,"style":472},"209.2","Repeat-visit requests",[156,851,710],{"x":852,"y":853,"fill":824,"style":825},"270.5","198.5",[156,855,445],{"x":856,"y":857,"fill":497,"style":825},"241.6","218.5",[226,859,860],{},"CloudFront reports and RUM over two weeks before and after; repeat visit measured with WebPageTest.",[14,862,863,864,30],{},"The hit ratio rose because targeted invalidations stopped clearing the whole HTML cache on every deploy. The repeat-visit change came from the assets finally carrying ",[50,865,617],{},[32,867,869],{"id":868},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[37,871,872,882,893,899,908],{},[40,873,874,881],{},[875,876,877,878,880],"strong",{},"Changing ",[50,879,241],{}," in the sync script only."," Existing objects keep old metadata; copy them in place once.",[40,883,884,892],{},[875,885,886,888,889,30],{},[50,887,337],{}," without ",[50,890,891],{},"--content-type"," HTML becomes a download.",[40,894,895,898],{},[875,896,897],{},"High minimum TTLs in the cache policy."," They also cache errors.",[40,900,901,907],{},[875,902,903,904,906],{},"Invalidating ",[50,905,418],{}," on every deploy."," It empties the HTML cache and adds cost at high deploy rates.",[40,909,910,913],{},[875,911,912],{},"Rollback:"," metadata changes are reversible with the same copy-in-place command; switching the distribution back to its previous cache policy is a single setting.",[32,915,917],{"id":916},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,919,920],{},"On S3 and CloudFront, browser caching comes from object metadata set at upload — two sync passes, one per policy — while CloudFront's own caching follows those headers within its cache policy. Restating metadata on existing objects, removing an over-eager minimum TTL and invalidating only changed pages raised the HTML hit ratio from 61% to 93% and cut a repeat visit from 22 requests to 3.",[32,922,924],{"id":923},"faq","FAQ",[926,927,929],"h3",{"id":928},"where-should-cache-control-be-set-for-a-site-on-s3-and-cloudfront","Where should Cache-Control be set for a site on S3 and CloudFront?",[14,931,932],{},"As object metadata in S3, set when files are uploaded, because S3 returns it with each object and CloudFront passes it through to browsers. CloudFront's cache policy then decides how long CloudFront itself keeps objects, using the origin headers within its minimum and maximum TTLs. A response headers policy can override Cache-Control at the edge when changing metadata is impractical.",[926,934,936],{"id":935},"why-do-my-cloudfront-files-ignore-the-cache-control-i-set","Why do my CloudFront files ignore the Cache-Control I set?",[14,938,939],{},"The cache policy's minimum TTL may be higher than the header's max-age, or its maximum TTL lower, in which case CloudFront clamps its own caching. Browsers still receive the original header. Also check that the upload actually set the metadata; aws s3 sync applies cache-control only to files it uploads in that run, not to unchanged ones.",[926,941,943],{"id":942},"do-i-need-to-invalidate-cloudfront-after-every-deploy","Do I need to invalidate CloudFront after every deploy?",[14,945,946],{},"For HTML, yes, unless HTML has a short edge TTL. Hashed assets have new names on change and need no invalidation. Invalidate only the changed HTML paths, or a small set of wildcards, rather than slash star on every deploy, to keep cached pages valid and stay within the free invalidation allowance.",[926,948,950],{"id":949},"should-html-be-cached-at-the-cloudfront-edge","Should HTML be cached at the CloudFront edge?",[14,952,953],{},"Yes, with an invalidation on deploy or a short TTL with stale-while-revalidate. Caching HTML at the edge avoids an S3 round trip on most requests, which lowered TTFB by about 120 milliseconds for distant readers in the measurements in this guide.",[32,955,957],{"id":956},"related","Related",[37,959,960,969,974,981,988],{},[40,961,962,965,966,968],{},[875,963,964],{},"Parent:"," ",[21,967,24],{"href":23}," — caching across hosts.",[40,970,971,973],{},[21,972,29],{"href":28}," — the base setup.",[40,975,976,980],{},[21,977,979],{"href":978},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcloudflare-vs-cloudfront-cache-hit-ratios-for-static-sites\u002F","Cloudflare vs CloudFront Cache Hit Ratios for Static Sites"," — tuning results compared.",[40,982,983,987],{},[21,984,986],{"href":985},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Frollbacks-and-deploy-safety-for-static-sites\u002Frolling-back-s3-and-cloudfront-deploys-with-versioned-prefixes\u002F","Rolling Back S3 and CloudFront Deploys With Versioned 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Sites",{"path":1454,"title":369},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-keys-and-query-strings-on-cdns",{"path":1456,"title":1457},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcaching-404s-and-redirects-at-the-edge","Caching 404s and Redirects at the Edge",{"path":1459,"title":979},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcloudflare-vs-cloudfront-cache-hit-ratios-for-static-sites",{"path":1461,"title":1462},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ffixing-stale-html-after-deploys-on-cloudflare","Fixing Stale HTML After Deploys on 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HTML",{"path":1478,"title":1479},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield","Tiered Caching and Origin Shield",{"path":1481,"title":1482},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fcode-splitting-and-module-preload-in-vite-based-ssgs","Code Splitting and Module Preload in Vite-Based SSGs",{"path":1484,"title":1485},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-missing-tailwind-classes-in-production-builds","Fixing Missing Tailwind Classes in Production Builds",{"path":1487,"title":1488},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-unused-javascript-warnings-on-static-pages","Fixing Unused JavaScript Warnings on Static Pages",{"path":1490,"title":1491},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization","CSS and JavaScript Asset Optimization",{"path":1493,"title":1494},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Finlining-critical-css-on-static-sites","Inlining Critical CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1496,"title":1497},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fkeeping-tailwind-css-output-small-on-static-sites","Keeping Tailwind CSS Output Small on Static Sites",{"path":1499,"title":1500},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fminifying-html-css-and-js-in-eleventy","Minifying HTML, CSS and JS in Eleventy",{"path":1502,"title":1503},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd","Precompressing Assets with Brotli and Zstd",{"path":1505,"title":1506},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fpurging-unused-css-with-tailwind-and-lightningcss","Purging Unused CSS with Tailwind and Lightning CSS",{"path":1508,"title":1509},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fsvg-icon-sprites-vs-inline-icons","SVG Icon Sprites vs Inline Icons",{"path":1511,"title":1512},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ftailwind-v4-in-astro-without-postcss-plugins","Tailwind v4 in Astro Without PostCSS Plugins",{"path":1514,"title":1515},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fcls-from-client-side-rendered-components","CLS from Client-Side Rendered Components",{"path":1517,"title":1518},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fdebugging-cls-with-the-layout-instability-api","Debugging CLS with the Layout Instability API",{"path":1520,"title":1521},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-layout-shift-from-web-fonts","Eliminating Layout Shift From Web Fonts",{"path":1523,"title":1524},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-cookie-banners","Fixing CLS from Cookie 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Links",{"path":1538,"title":1539},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites","Cumulative Layout Shift Fixes for Static Sites",{"path":1541,"title":1542},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-cls-in-the-field-with-web-vitals-js","Measuring CLS in the Field With web-vitals.js",{"path":1544,"title":1545},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-ad-and-promo-slots","Reserving Space for Ad and Promo Slots",{"path":1547,"title":1548},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-images-and-embeds-to-stop-layout-shift","Reserving Space for Images and Embeds",{"path":1550,"title":1551},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fauditing-font-payload-per-page","Auditing Font Payload per Page",{"path":1553,"title":1554},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-invisible-text-while-web-fonts-load","Fixing Invisible Text While Web Fonts Load",{"path":1556,"title":1557},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffont-display-optional-vs-swap","font-display: optional vs swap",{"path":1559,"title":1560},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites","Font Loading Strategies for Static Sites",{"path":1562,"title":1563},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fmetric-matched-fallback-fonts-with-size-adjust","Metric-Matched Fallback Fonts with size-adjust",{"path":1565,"title":1566},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fpreloading-fonts-without-double-downloads","Preloading Fonts Without Double Downloads",{"path":1568,"title":1569},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosted-fonts-vs-google-fonts-for-static-sites","Self-Hosted Fonts vs Google Fonts for Static Sites",{"path":1571,"title":1572},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosting-google-fonts-to-eliminate-layout-shift","Self-Host Google Fonts to Eliminate Layout Shift",{"path":1574,"title":1575},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fsubsetting-variable-fonts-for-faster-first-render","Subsetting Variable Fonts for Faster First Render",{"path":1577,"title":1578},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fusing-system-font-stacks-to-skip-webfonts","Using System Font Stacks to Skip Web Fonts",{"path":1580,"title":1581},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fvariable-fonts-vs-static-weights","Variable Fonts vs Static Weights",{"path":1583,"title":1584},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fart-direction-with-the-picture-element","Art Direction with the Picture Element",{"path":1586,"title":1587},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fblur-up-placeholders-with-lqip","Blur-Up Placeholders with LQIP",{"path":1589,"title":1590},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fbuilding-an-image-cdn-pipeline-for-static-sites","Building an Image CDN Pipeline for Static Sites",{"path":1592,"title":1593},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fcaching-processed-images-between-builds","Caching Processed Images Between Builds",{"path":1595,"title":1596},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Ffixing-blurry-images-from-astro-assets-resizing","Fixing Blurry Images From astro:assets Resizing",{"path":1598,"title":1599},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fgenerating-open-graph-images-at-build-time","Generating Open Graph Images at Build Time",{"path":1601,"title":1602},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro","Image Optimization Pipelines in Astro",{"path":1604,"title":1605},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Flazy-loading-images-without-hurting-lcp","Lazy-Loading Images Without Hurting LCP",{"path":1607,"title":1608},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Foptimizing-webp-images-in-hugo-without-plugins","Optimizing WebP Images in Hugo Without Plugins",{"path":1610,"title":1611},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fresponsive-images-with-srcset-in-eleventy","Responsive Images with srcset in Eleventy",{"path":1613,"title":1614},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-astro-images-through-cloudflare-image-resizing","Serving Astro Images Through Cloudflare Image Resizing",{"path":1616,"title":1617},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-avif-with-fallbacks-on-static-sites","Serving AVIF With Fallbacks on Static Sites",{"path":1619,"title":1024},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs",{"path":1621,"title":1622},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fastro-islands-vs-full-hydration-performance","Astro Islands vs Full Hydration Performance",{"path":1624,"title":1625},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fbreaking-up-long-tasks-on-static-sites","Breaking Up Long Tasks on Static Sites",{"path":1627,"title":1628},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fdeferring-hydration-with-client-visible-in-astro","Deferring Hydration with client:visible in Astro",{"path":1630,"title":1631},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-hydration-mismatch-errors-in-astro-islands","Fixing Hydration Mismatch Errors in Astro Islands",{"path":1633,"title":1634},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-poor-inp-on-static-pages-with-heavy-widgets","Fixing Poor INP on Static Pages With Heavy Widgets",{"path":1636,"title":1637},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fhow-to-reduce-bundle-size-in-eleventy-builds","How to Reduce Bundle Size in Eleventy Builds",{"path":1639,"title":1640},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering","JavaScript Hydration & Partial Rendering",{"path":1642,"title":1643},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fmeasuring-inp-on-static-sites-with-real-user-monitoring","Measuring INP on Static Sites with RUM",{"path":1645,"title":1646},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fpreact-vs-react-islands-bundle-size","Preact vs React Islands Bundle Size",{"path":1648,"title":1649},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Freplacing-react-islands-with-web-components","Replacing React Islands with Web Components",{"path":1651,"title":1652},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fserver-islands-in-astro","Server Islands in Astro",{"path":1654,"title":1655},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-render-blocking-css-on-static-sites","Eliminating Render-Blocking CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1657,"title":1658},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-on-text-heavy-documentation-pages","Fixing LCP on Text-Heavy Documentation Pages",{"path":1660,"title":1661},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-regressions-caused-by-cookie-consent-tools","Fixing LCP Regressions Caused by Cookie Consent Tools",{"path":1663,"title":1664},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-when-the-hero-is-a-background-image","Fixing LCP When the Hero Is a Background Image",{"path":1666,"title":1667},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-slow-lcp-on-pages-with-embedded-video","Fixing Slow LCP on Pages With Embedded Video",{"path":1669,"title":1670},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fimproving-ttfb-for-static-html","Improving TTFB for Static HTML",{"path":1672,"title":1673},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites","Largest Contentful Paint Optimization for Static Sites",{"path":1675,"title":1676},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-lcp-subparts-with-devtools","Measuring LCP Subparts with DevTools",{"path":1678,"title":1679},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Foptimizing-lcp-on-astro-with-priority-hints","Optimizing LCP on Astro with Priority Hints",{"path":1681,"title":1682},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Freducing-lcp-from-hero-images-on-static-sites","Reducing LCP from Hero Images on Static Sites",{"path":1684,"title":1685},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fcomparing-lab-and-field-data-with-crux","Comparing Lab and Field Data with CrUX",{"path":1687,"title":1688},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci","Performance Budgets and Lighthouse CI",{"path":1690,"title":1691},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Flighthouse-ci-vs-webpagetest-for-regression-gates","Lighthouse CI vs WebPageTest for Regression Gates",{"path":1693,"title":1694},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fmeasuring-web-vitals-in-playwright-tests","Measuring Web Vitals in Playwright 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