[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2313},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cold-starts-in-netlify-functions-for-forms":3,"all-docs-nav":1163,"filed:\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cold-starts-in-netlify-functions-for-forms":2304},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1138,"dateModified":1148,"datePublished":1148,"description":1149,"extension":1150,"faq":1151,"meta":1156,"navigation":1157,"path":1158,"seo":1159,"slug":12,"stem":1160,"type":1161,"__hash__":1162},"content\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cold-starts-in-netlify-functions-for-forms\u002Findex.md","Fixing Cold Starts in Netlify Functions for Forms",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1119},"minimark",[9,13,17,31,36,44,112,115,243,247,250,308,311,371,374,378,393,484,504,507,589,593,596,686,693,697,703,741,749,753,756,893,897,904,912,916,998,1002,1036,1040,1043,1047,1052,1055,1059,1062,1066,1069,1073,1076,1080,1115],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"fixing-cold-starts-in-netlify-functions-for-forms",[14,15,16],"p",{},"A static site's contact form posts to a Netlify Function, which validates the input, checks a spam score, and sends an email through a provider's API. Most of the time it responds in under 100 milliseconds. Sometimes — often the first submission of the morning, and on a quiet site that is most submissions — the reader clicks \"Send\" and waits two seconds with no feedback, and some click again, producing duplicate messages. That is a cold start: no warm instance of the function existed, so the platform had to start one, load the bundle and run its initialisation before handling the request.",[14,18,19,20,25,26,30],{},"This guide measures and fixes cold starts in a form handler on a Netlify-hosted Hugo marketing site, cutting cold-start latency from 1.9 seconds to about 420 milliseconds, and then makes the form behave well whatever the latency. It belongs to ",[21,22,24],"a",{"href":23},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002F","Serverless Functions for Static Sites","; the form itself is described in ",[21,27,29],{"href":28},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Fhandling-form-submissions-on-a-static-site\u002F","Handling Form Submissions on a Static Site",".",[32,33,35],"h2",{"id":34},"step-1-measure-cold-and-warm-separately","Step 1: Measure Cold and Warm Separately",[14,37,38,39,43],{},"Netlify's function logs show duration per invocation and mark initialisation time on cold starts (the ",[40,41,42],"code",{},"Init Duration"," field, inherited from the underlying platform). A week of logs exported and grouped:",[45,46,47,60],"table",{},[48,49,50],"thead",{},[51,52,53,57],"tr",{},[54,55,56],"th",{},"Measure",[54,58,59],{},"Value",[61,62,63,72,80,88,96,104],"tbody",{},[51,64,65,69],{},[66,67,68],"td",{},"Submissions",[66,70,71],{},"412",[51,73,74,77],{},[66,75,76],{},"Share that were cold starts",[66,78,79],{},"71%",[51,81,82,85],{},[66,83,84],{},"Cold start: init duration p50",[66,86,87],{},"1,620 ms",[51,89,90,93],{},[66,91,92],{},"Cold start: total response p50 (client-measured)",[66,94,95],{},"1,940 ms",[51,97,98,101],{},[66,99,100],{},"Warm: total response p50",[66,102,103],{},"86 ms",[51,105,106,109],{},[66,107,108],{},"Duplicate submissions (same email, \u003C 10 s apart)",[66,110,111],{},"23",[14,113,114],{},"With a few dozen submissions a day, instances were almost always recycled between them, so most readers paid the cold start.",[116,117,118,239],"figure",{},[119,120,127,128,127,132,127,136,127,143],"svg",{"viewBox":121,"role":122,"ariaLabelledBy":123,"xmlns":126},"0 0 760 196","img",[124,125],"nfcold-split-title","nfcold-split-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[129,130,131],"title",{"id":124},"Client-measured form response time for cold and warm invocations",[133,134,135],"desc",{"id":125},"Paired bars of milliseconds at the 50th and 95th percentiles. Cold invocations took 1,940 milliseconds at p50 and 2,710 at p95. Warm invocations took 86 at p50 and 140 at p95.",[137,138],"rect",{"x":139,"y":139,"width":140,"height":141,"fill":142},"0","760","196","#ffffff",[144,145,147,148,147,159,147,165,147,172,147,176,147,179,147,183,147,190,147,198,147,204,147,208,147,213,147,220,147,226,147,230,147,234,127],"g",{"style":146},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[137,149],{"x":150,"y":151,"width":152,"height":153,"rx":154,"fill":155,"opacity":156,"stroke":157,"style":158},"322.4","50.0","14.0","12.0","2","#ff595e","0.3","#d83b41","stroke-width:1px",[137,160],{"x":161,"y":151,"width":152,"height":153,"rx":154,"fill":162,"opacity":163,"stroke":164,"style":158},"395.0","#8ac926","0.4","#5a8a16",[137,166],{"x":167,"y":168,"width":169,"height":170,"rx":171,"fill":155,"opacity":156,"stroke":157,"style":158},"230.0","82.0","316.3","16.0","3",[137,173],{"x":167,"y":174,"width":175,"height":170,"rx":171,"fill":162,"opacity":163,"stroke":164,"style":158},"102.0","441.9",[137,177],{"x":167,"y":178,"width":152,"height":170,"rx":171,"fill":155,"opacity":156,"stroke":157,"style":158},"134.0",[137,180],{"x":167,"y":181,"width":182,"height":170,"rx":171,"fill":162,"opacity":163,"stroke":164,"style":158},"154.0","22.8",[184,185],"path",{"d":186,"fill":187,"stroke":188,"style":189},"M230.0 78.0 L230.0 176.0","none","#556071","stroke-width:1.5px",[191,192,197],"text",{"x":193,"y":194,"fill":195,"style":196},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Cold and warm response times",[191,199,203],{"x":200,"y":201,"fill":188,"style":202},"342.4","60.0","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start","p50",[191,205,207],{"x":206,"y":201,"fill":188,"style":202},"415.0","p95",[191,209,212],{"x":210,"y":211,"fill":195,"style":202},"20.0","105.2","Cold start",[191,214,219],{"x":215,"y":216,"fill":217,"style":218},"553.3","94.5","#b32b30","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","1940 ms",[191,221,225],{"x":222,"y":223,"fill":224,"style":218},"678.9","114.5","#3f6410","2710 ms",[191,227,229],{"x":210,"y":228,"fill":195,"style":202},"157.2","Warm",[191,231,103],{"x":232,"y":233,"fill":217,"style":218},"251.0","146.5",[191,235,238],{"x":236,"y":237,"fill":224,"style":218},"259.8","166.5","140 ms",[240,241,242],"figcaption",{},"Response time from submit to the response arriving, recorded by the form's script over one week; 71 percent of submissions were cold.",[32,244,246],{"id":245},"step-2-find-what-initialisation-spends-time-on","Step 2: Find What Initialisation Spends Time On",[14,248,249],{},"Cold-start cost is mostly loading and evaluating the bundle. Netlify bundles functions with esbuild; its metafile shows what is in the bundle:",[251,252,257],"pre",{"className":253,"code":254,"language":255,"meta":256,"style":256},"language-sh shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","npx esbuild netlify\u002Ffunctions\u002Fcontact.mjs --bundle --platform=node --metafile=meta.json --outfile=\u002Fdev\u002Fnull\nnpx esbuild-visualizer --metadata meta.json --filename bundle.html\n","sh","",[40,258,259,288],{"__ignoreMap":256},[260,261,264,268,272,275,279,282,285],"span",{"class":262,"line":263},"line",1,[260,265,267],{"class":266},"sScJk","npx",[260,269,271],{"class":270},"sZZnC"," esbuild",[260,273,274],{"class":270}," netlify\u002Ffunctions\u002Fcontact.mjs",[260,276,278],{"class":277},"sj4cs"," --bundle",[260,280,281],{"class":277}," --platform=node",[260,283,284],{"class":277}," --metafile=meta.json",[260,286,287],{"class":277}," --outfile=\u002Fdev\u002Fnull\n",[260,289,291,293,296,299,302,305],{"class":262,"line":290},2,[260,292,267],{"class":266},[260,294,295],{"class":270}," esbuild-visualizer",[260,297,298],{"class":277}," --metadata",[260,300,301],{"class":270}," meta.json",[260,303,304],{"class":277}," --filename",[260,306,307],{"class":270}," bundle.html\n",[14,309,310],{},"The 4.2 MB bundle was mostly three things:",[45,312,313,326],{},[48,314,315],{},[51,316,317,320,323],{},[54,318,319],{},"Module",[54,321,322],{},"Bundled size",[54,324,325],{},"Why it was there",[61,327,328,342,353],{},[51,329,330,336,339],{},[66,331,332,335],{},[40,333,334],{},"aws-sdk"," v2 (whole SDK)",[66,337,338],{},"2.9 MB",[66,340,341],{},"Imported for one S3 call that stored attachments",[51,343,344,347,350],{},[66,345,346],{},"Email provider SDK",[66,348,349],{},"610 KB",[66,351,352],{},"Wrapped one HTTP POST",[51,354,355,365,368],{},[66,356,357,360,361,364],{},[40,358,359],{},"validator"," + ",[40,362,363],{},"libphonenumber-js"," full metadata",[66,366,367],{},"480 KB",[66,369,370],{},"Phone number validation",[14,372,373],{},"All were imported at the top of the module, so every cold start loaded and evaluated all of them — even submissions without attachments or phone numbers.",[32,375,377],{"id":376},"step-3-shrink-the-bundle","Step 3: Shrink the Bundle",[379,380,381],"ul",{},[382,383,384,388,389,392],"li",{},[385,386,387],"strong",{},"AWS SDK v2 → v3 client for S3 only"," (",[40,390,391],{},"@aws-sdk\u002Fclient-s3","), imported lazily inside the attachment branch:",[251,394,398],{"className":395,"code":396,"language":397,"meta":256,"style":256},"language-js shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","let s3;\nasync function storeAttachment(file) {\n  s3 ??= new (await import('@aws-sdk\u002Fclient-s3')).S3Client({ region: 'eu-west-1' });\n  \u002F\u002F ...\n}\n","js",[40,399,400,410,431,471,478],{"__ignoreMap":256},[260,401,402,406],{"class":262,"line":263},[260,403,405],{"class":404},"szBVR","let",[260,407,409],{"class":408},"sVt8B"," s3;\n",[260,411,412,415,418,421,424,428],{"class":262,"line":290},[260,413,414],{"class":404},"async",[260,416,417],{"class":404}," function",[260,419,420],{"class":266}," storeAttachment",[260,422,423],{"class":408},"(",[260,425,427],{"class":426},"s4XuR","file",[260,429,430],{"class":408},") {\n",[260,432,434,437,440,443,445,448,451,453,456,459,462,465,468],{"class":262,"line":433},3,[260,435,436],{"class":408},"  s3 ",[260,438,439],{"class":404},"??=",[260,441,442],{"class":404}," new",[260,444,388],{"class":408},[260,446,447],{"class":404},"await",[260,449,450],{"class":404}," import",[260,452,423],{"class":408},[260,454,455],{"class":270},"'@aws-sdk\u002Fclient-s3'",[260,457,458],{"class":408},")).",[260,460,461],{"class":266},"S3Client",[260,463,464],{"class":408},"({ region: ",[260,466,467],{"class":270},"'eu-west-1'",[260,469,470],{"class":408}," });\n",[260,472,474],{"class":262,"line":473},4,[260,475,477],{"class":476},"sJ8bj","  \u002F\u002F ...\n",[260,479,481],{"class":262,"line":480},5,[260,482,483],{"class":408},"}\n",[379,485,486,495],{},[382,487,488,494],{},[385,489,490,491],{},"Email SDK → a direct ",[40,492,493],{},"fetch"," to the provider's REST endpoint, about 20 lines.",[382,496,497,503],{},[385,498,499,500],{},"Phone validation → ",[40,501,502],{},"libphonenumber-js\u002Fmin"," metadata, and only when the field is filled.",[14,505,506],{},"The bundle went from 4.2 MB to 190 KB for the common path; the S3 client loads only for the 8% of submissions with attachments.",[116,508,509,586],{},[119,510,127,515,127,518,127,521,127,524],{"viewBox":511,"role":122,"ariaLabelledBy":512,"xmlns":126},"0 0 760 210",[513,514],"nfcold-bundle-title","nfcold-bundle-desc",[129,516,517],{"id":513},"Bundled size by module in the form handler before the fix",[133,519,520],{"id":514},"Horizontal bars in kilobytes. The full AWS SDK version 2, 2,900. The email provider SDK, 610. Validation libraries with full phone metadata, 480. The handler's own code and small dependencies, 210.",[137,522],{"x":139,"y":139,"width":140,"height":523,"fill":142},"210",[144,525,147,526,147,531,147,538,147,542,147,546,147,549,147,552,147,556,147,562,147,565,147,569,147,573,147,577,147,581,127],{"style":146},[137,527],{"x":528,"y":529,"width":530,"height":210,"rx":171,"fill":155,"opacity":156,"stroke":157,"style":158},"240.0","65.0","429.8",[137,532],{"x":528,"y":533,"width":534,"height":210,"rx":171,"fill":535,"opacity":536,"stroke":537,"style":158},"99.0","90.4","#ffca3a","0.45","#a97b00",[137,539],{"x":528,"y":540,"width":541,"height":210,"rx":171,"fill":535,"opacity":536,"stroke":537,"style":158},"133.0","71.1",[137,543],{"x":528,"y":544,"width":545,"height":210,"rx":171,"fill":162,"opacity":163,"stroke":164,"style":158},"167.0","31.1",[184,547],{"d":548,"fill":187,"stroke":188,"style":189},"M240.0 60.0 L240.0 192.0",[191,550,551],{"x":193,"y":194,"fill":195,"style":196},"Bundle contents before the fix",[191,553,555],{"x":210,"y":554,"fill":195,"style":202},"79.2","aws-sdk v2 (whole)",[191,557,561],{"x":558,"y":559,"fill":217,"style":560},"677.8","79.5","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","2900 KB",[191,563,346],{"x":210,"y":564,"fill":195,"style":202},"113.2",[191,566,349],{"x":567,"y":568,"fill":195,"style":560},"338.4","113.5",[191,570,572],{"x":210,"y":571,"fill":195,"style":202},"147.2","Validation + phone data",[191,574,367],{"x":575,"y":576,"fill":195,"style":560},"319.1","147.5",[191,578,580],{"x":210,"y":579,"fill":195,"style":202},"181.2","Handler code",[191,582,585],{"x":583,"y":584,"fill":224,"style":560},"279.1","181.5","210 KB",[240,587,588],{},"From the esbuild metafile; after the fix the common-path bundle was 190 kilobytes.",[32,590,592],{"id":591},"step-4-do-less-at-module-load","Step 4: Do Less at Module Load",[14,594,595],{},"The handler also created clients and read configuration at the top level — harmless when warm, expensive when cold — and fetched the spam service's settings over the network on load. That fetch moved inside the handler, with the result cached in module scope for subsequent warm invocations:",[251,597,599],{"className":395,"code":598,"language":397,"meta":256,"style":256},"let spamConfig;\nexport default async (req) => {\n  spamConfig ??= await fetch(SPAM_CONFIG_URL).then((r) => r.json());\n  \u002F\u002F validate, score, send…\n};\n",[40,600,601,608,633,676,681],{"__ignoreMap":256},[260,602,603,605],{"class":262,"line":263},[260,604,405],{"class":404},[260,606,607],{"class":408}," spamConfig;\n",[260,609,610,613,616,619,621,624,627,630],{"class":262,"line":290},[260,611,612],{"class":404},"export",[260,614,615],{"class":404}," default",[260,617,618],{"class":404}," async",[260,620,388],{"class":408},[260,622,623],{"class":426},"req",[260,625,626],{"class":408},") ",[260,628,629],{"class":404},"=>",[260,631,632],{"class":408}," {\n",[260,634,635,638,640,643,646,648,651,654,657,660,663,665,667,670,673],{"class":262,"line":433},[260,636,637],{"class":408},"  spamConfig ",[260,639,439],{"class":404},[260,641,642],{"class":404}," await",[260,644,645],{"class":266}," fetch",[260,647,423],{"class":408},[260,649,650],{"class":277},"SPAM_CONFIG_URL",[260,652,653],{"class":408},").",[260,655,656],{"class":266},"then",[260,658,659],{"class":408},"((",[260,661,662],{"class":426},"r",[260,664,626],{"class":408},[260,666,629],{"class":404},[260,668,669],{"class":408}," r.",[260,671,672],{"class":266},"json",[260,674,675],{"class":408},"());\n",[260,677,678],{"class":262,"line":473},[260,679,680],{"class":476},"  \u002F\u002F validate, score, send…\n",[260,682,683],{"class":262,"line":480},[260,684,685],{"class":408},"};\n",[14,687,688,689,692],{},"Netlify Functions also let you choose the deployment region; the function had defaulted to a US region while most readers and the email provider's API were in Europe. Moving it to ",[40,690,691],{},"eu-central-1"," (a site setting) cut about 110 ms from every invocation, cold or warm.",[32,694,696],{"id":695},"step-5-consider-an-edge-function","Step 5: Consider an Edge Function",[14,698,699,700,702],{},"After the trim, the handler only needed ",[40,701,493],{},", so it could run as a Netlify Edge Function, whose lightweight runtime starts in tens of milliseconds and runs near the reader. The attachment path, which needs S3 signing, stayed in a regular function that the edge handler calls only when a file is attached. A one-week comparison:",[45,704,705,718],{},[48,706,707],{},[51,708,709,712,715],{},[54,710,711],{},"Response p50",[54,713,714],{},"Trimmed Function",[54,716,717],{},"Edge Function",[61,719,720,731],{},[51,721,722,725,728],{},[66,723,724],{},"Cold",[66,726,727],{},"420 ms",[66,729,730],{},"70 ms",[51,732,733,735,738],{},[66,734,229],{},[66,736,737],{},"74 ms",[66,739,740],{},"45 ms",[14,742,743,744,748],{},"The team kept the trimmed regular function, because the edge version needed a second function for attachments and a different local development setup, and 420 ms was well within what the form's UI handles gracefully (next step). ",[21,745,747],{"href":746},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Fnetlify-functions-vs-cloudflare-workers\u002F","Netlify Functions vs Cloudflare Workers"," compares runtimes more broadly.",[32,750,752],{"id":751},"step-6-make-the-form-honest-about-latency","Step 6: Make the Form Honest About Latency",[14,754,755],{},"Whatever the backend does, the form now responds immediately: the submit button disables and shows \"Sending…\" on submit, the request carries an idempotency key so a double submission is ignored by the function, and the result replaces the form with a confirmation. A slow response is now a short wait with feedback rather than an apparently dead button.",[116,757,758,890],{},[119,759,127,764,127,767,127,770,127,773,127,875],{"viewBox":760,"role":122,"ariaLabelledBy":761,"xmlns":126},"0 0 760 168",[762,763],"nfcold-ui-title","nfcold-ui-desc",[129,765,766],{"id":762},"Sequence of form behaviour from submit to confirmation",[133,768,769],{"id":763},"Five steps. The reader presses Send. The button disables at once and shows Sending. The request is sent with an idempotency key generated when the form loaded. The function ignores any repeat of the same key. The confirmation replaces the form when the response arrives.",[137,771],{"x":139,"y":139,"width":140,"height":772,"fill":142},"168",[144,774,147,775,147,783,147,788,147,792,147,795,147,798,147,802,147,805,147,809,147,812,147,815,147,821,147,826,147,830,147,834,147,838,147,842,147,847,147,851,147,855,147,860,147,864,147,868,147,872,127],{"style":146},[137,776],{"x":210,"y":777,"width":778,"height":779,"rx":780,"fill":781,"stroke":782,"style":189},"64.0","116.8","88.4","8","#f8fafc","#d9e2ef",[137,784],{"x":785,"y":777,"width":778,"height":779,"rx":780,"fill":786,"opacity":787,"stroke":786,"style":189},"170.8","#1982c4","0.14",[184,789],{"d":790,"fill":187,"stroke":188,"style":791},"M138.8 108.2 L166.8 108.2","stroke-width:2px;marker-end:url(#nfcold-ui-arrow)",[137,793],{"x":794,"y":777,"width":778,"height":779,"rx":780,"fill":786,"opacity":787,"stroke":786,"style":189},"321.6",[184,796],{"d":797,"fill":187,"stroke":188,"style":791},"M289.6 108.2 L317.6 108.2",[137,799],{"x":800,"y":777,"width":778,"height":779,"rx":780,"fill":801,"opacity":787,"stroke":801,"style":189},"472.4","#6a4c93",[184,803],{"d":804,"fill":187,"stroke":188,"style":791},"M440.4 108.2 L468.4 108.2",[137,806],{"x":807,"y":777,"width":778,"height":779,"rx":780,"fill":162,"opacity":808,"stroke":164,"style":189},"623.2","0.2",[184,810],{"d":811,"fill":187,"stroke":188,"style":791},"M591.2 108.2 L619.2 108.2",[191,813,814],{"x":193,"y":194,"fill":195,"style":196},"The form's behaviour on submit",[191,816,820],{"x":817,"y":818,"fill":195,"style":819},"78.4","106.0","font-size:13px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Press Send",[191,822,825],{"x":817,"y":823,"fill":188,"style":824},"122.9","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle","reader action",[191,827,829],{"x":828,"y":534,"fill":195,"style":819},"229.2","Button",[191,831,833],{"x":828,"y":832,"fill":195,"style":819},"107.3","disabled",[191,835,837],{"x":828,"y":836,"fill":188,"style":824},"124.2","\"Sending…\" at",[191,839,841],{"x":828,"y":840,"fill":188,"style":824},"138.5","once",[191,843,846],{"x":193,"y":844,"fill":195,"style":845},"98.5","font-size:10.5px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","POST +",[191,848,850],{"x":193,"y":849,"fill":195,"style":845},"112.2","idempotency key",[191,852,854],{"x":193,"y":853,"fill":188,"style":824},"125.8","from page load",[191,856,859],{"x":857,"y":858,"fill":195,"style":819},"530.8","97.5","Function",[191,861,863],{"x":857,"y":862,"fill":195,"style":819},"114.4","dedupes",[191,865,867],{"x":857,"y":866,"fill":188,"style":824},"131.3","same key ignored",[191,869,871],{"x":870,"y":818,"fill":195,"style":819},"681.6","Confirmation",[191,873,874],{"x":870,"y":823,"fill":188,"style":824},"replaces form",[876,877,147,878,127],"defs",{},[879,880,886,887,147],"marker",{"id":881,"viewBox":882,"refX":780,"refY":883,"markerWidth":884,"markerHeight":884,"orient":885},"nfcold-ui-arrow","0 0 10 10","5","7","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[184,888],{"d":889,"fill":188},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[240,891,892],{},"Duplicate submissions fell to zero even before the cold-start fixes shipped.",[32,894,896],{"id":895},"keeping-the-bundle-small","Keeping the Bundle Small",[14,898,899,900,903],{},"Bundle size creeps back as features are added — a new field type, a CRM integration, a second email template. The CI job now builds the function with esbuild's metafile and fails if the common-path bundle exceeds 300 KB, printing the five largest modules so the cause is obvious. It fired once in the following quarter, when a developer added a date library for formatting one timestamp in the notification email; ",[40,901,902],{},"Intl.DateTimeFormat"," replaced it in three lines.",[14,905,906,907,911],{},"A synthetic check also submits the form in test mode every 30 minutes and records the response time, as in ",[21,908,910],{"href":909},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fmonitoring-static-sites-in-production\u002Fsynthetic-monitoring-with-scheduled-playwright-checks\u002F","Synthetic Monitoring With Scheduled Playwright Checks",". Because the check runs infrequently, almost every run is a cold start, which makes it a convenient tracker of cold-start latency over time: it has stayed between 380 and 470 ms since the changes.",[32,913,915],{"id":914},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[45,917,918,933],{},[48,919,920],{},[51,921,922,924,927,930],{},[54,923,56],{},[54,925,926],{},"Before",[54,928,929],{},"After",[54,931,932],{},"Tool",[61,934,935,949,961,972,984],{},[51,936,937,940,943,946],{},[66,938,939],{},"Bundle size (common path)",[66,941,942],{},"4.2 MB",[66,944,945],{},"190 KB",[66,947,948],{},"esbuild metafile",[51,950,951,954,956,958],{},[66,952,953],{},"Cold-start response p50",[66,955,95],{},[66,957,727],{},[66,959,960],{},"Client timing",[51,962,963,966,968,970],{},[66,964,965],{},"Warm response p50",[66,967,103],{},[66,969,737],{},[66,971,960],{},[51,973,974,977,979,981],{},[66,975,976],{},"Duplicate submissions \u002F week",[66,978,111],{},[66,980,139],{},[66,982,983],{},"Function logs",[51,985,986,989,992,995],{},[66,987,988],{},"Form abandonment after clicking Send",[66,990,991],{},"4.1%",[66,993,994],{},"0.6%",[66,996,997],{},"Analytics events",[32,999,1001],{"id":1000},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[379,1003,1004,1012,1018,1024,1030],{},[382,1005,1006,1009,1010,30],{},[385,1007,1008],{},"Whole SDKs for one call."," Use modular clients or a direct ",[40,1011,493],{},[382,1013,1014,1017],{},[385,1015,1016],{},"Top-level imports for rare paths."," Import lazily inside the branch that needs them.",[382,1019,1020,1023],{},[385,1021,1022],{},"Network calls at module load."," Move them into the handler and cache in module scope.",[382,1025,1026,1029],{},[385,1027,1028],{},"Silent buttons."," Show progress and deduplicate on the server.",[382,1031,1032,1035],{},[385,1033,1034],{},"Rollback:"," each change is in the function's code or the site's function region setting; deploy the previous version to revert.",[32,1037,1039],{"id":1038},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,1041,1042],{},"Cold starts in a Netlify Function behind a low-traffic form are mostly the cost of loading code the request does not need. Replacing a whole SDK with a modular client loaded on demand, calling the email API directly, trimming validation data, deferring network setup and moving the function next to its readers cut cold-start responses from 1.9 seconds to 420 ms — and an honest \"Sending…\" state with idempotency keys removed duplicate submissions entirely.",[32,1044,1046],{"id":1045},"faq","FAQ",[1048,1049,1051],"h3",{"id":1050},"what-is-a-cold-start-in-a-netlify-function","What is a cold start in a Netlify Function?",[14,1053,1054],{},"The extra time taken when a request arrives and no warm instance of the function is available, so the platform must start a new runtime, load the bundled code and run its top-level initialisation before handling the request. On a low-traffic form, most submissions can hit a cold instance, because instances are recycled after a period of inactivity.",[1048,1056,1058],{"id":1057},"how-long-are-netlify-function-cold-starts","How long are Netlify Function cold starts?",[14,1060,1061],{},"It depends mostly on bundle size and what runs at module load. In this guide, a form handler bundling a full AWS SDK and an email library had cold starts of about 1.9 seconds; after trimming the bundle and deferring imports, cold starts were about 420 milliseconds. Warm invocations took 60 to 90 milliseconds either way.",[1048,1063,1065],{"id":1064},"should-i-keep-the-function-warm-with-scheduled-pings","Should I keep the function warm with scheduled pings?",[14,1067,1068],{},"It helps only partly. Pings keep one instance warm, but concurrent submissions or a different region can still start cold instances, and pings add invocations to the bill. Reducing cold-start cost itself, and designing the form so a slower response is not a problem, are more reliable.",[1048,1070,1072],{"id":1071},"would-an-edge-function-avoid-cold-starts","Would an Edge Function avoid cold starts?",[14,1074,1075],{},"Edge Functions run on a lightweight runtime with much faster startup and run close to the user, so cold starts are typically tens of milliseconds. They have constraints, such as Deno APIs, limited execution time and no Node-only packages, so they suit simple form handling that calls an HTTP API, not code that depends on Node libraries.",[32,1077,1079],{"id":1078},"related","Related",[379,1081,1082,1091,1096,1101,1108],{},[382,1083,1084,1087,1088,1090],{},[385,1085,1086],{},"Parent:"," ",[21,1089,24],{"href":23}," — dynamic features for static sites.",[382,1092,1093,1095],{},[21,1094,29],{"href":28}," — the form this function serves.",[382,1097,1098,1100],{},[21,1099,747],{"href":746}," — runtime trade-offs, including cold starts.",[382,1102,1103,1107],{},[21,1104,1106],{"href":1105},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fnetlify-vs-vercel-deployment-strategies\u002Fnetlify-edge-functions-for-static-sites\u002F","Netlify Edge Functions for Static Sites"," — the edge alternative tested here.",[382,1109,1110,1114],{},[21,1111,1113],{"href":1112},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Frate-limiting-edge-functions\u002F","Rate Limiting Edge Functions"," — protecting the same endpoint.",[1116,1117,1118],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki .sZZnC{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: 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Time",{"path":1537,"title":1538},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fcanonical-urls-and-duplicate-content-on-static-sites","Canonical URLs and Duplicate Content on Static Sites",{"path":1540,"title":1541},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-pages-crawled-but-not-indexed-on-static-sites","Fixing Pages Crawled but Not Indexed on Static Sites",{"path":1543,"title":1544},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-soft-404s-on-static-hosts","Fixing Soft 404s on Static Hosts",{"path":1546,"title":1547},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fgenerating-breadcrumb-structured-data-in-astro","Generating Breadcrumb Structured Data in Astro",{"path":1549,"title":1550},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fgenerating-sitemaps-for-large-static-sites","Generating Sitemaps for Large Static Sites",{"path":1552,"title":1553},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites","Technical SEO for Static Sites",{"path":1555,"title":1556},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frobots-txt-and-noindex-for-preview-and-staging","robots.txt and noindex for Preview and Staging",{"path":1558,"title":1559},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frss-and-atom-feeds-for-static-blogs","RSS and Atom Feeds for Static Blogs",{"path":1561,"title":1562},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fseo-safe-pagination-and-tag-pages","SEO-Safe Pagination and Tag Pages",{"path":1564,"title":1565},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-busting-with-content-hashed-filenames","Cache Busting with Content-Hashed Filenames",{"path":1567,"title":1568},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-for-static-sites-in-nginx","Cache-Control Headers for Static Sites in Nginx",{"path":1570,"title":1571},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-on-s3-and-cloudfront","Cache-Control Headers on S3 and CloudFront",{"path":1573,"title":1574},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-control-headers-on-vercel-for-static-sites","Cache-Control Headers on Vercel for Static Sites",{"path":1576,"title":1577},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-keys-and-query-strings-on-cdns","Cache Keys and Query Strings on CDNs",{"path":1579,"title":1580},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcaching-404s-and-redirects-at-the-edge","Caching 404s and Redirects at the Edge",{"path":1582,"title":1583},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcloudflare-vs-cloudfront-cache-hit-ratios-for-static-sites","Cloudflare vs CloudFront Cache Hit Ratios for Static Sites",{"path":1585,"title":1586},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ffixing-stale-html-after-deploys-on-cloudflare","Fixing Stale HTML After Deploys on Cloudflare",{"path":1588,"title":1589},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs","CDN Caching Rules for SSGs",{"path":1591,"title":1592},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fpurging-the-cdn-cache-after-a-static-deploy","Purging the CDN Cache After a Static Deploy",{"path":1594,"title":1595},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-cache-control-headers-on-cloudflare-pages","Cache-Control Headers on Cloudflare Pages",{"path":1597,"title":1598},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-up-proper-cache-headers-on-netlify","Proper Cache Headers on Netlify for SSGs",{"path":1600,"title":1601},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fstale-while-revalidate-for-static-html","Stale-While-Revalidate for Static HTML",{"path":1603,"title":1604},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield","Tiered Caching and Origin Shield",{"path":1606,"title":1607},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fcode-splitting-and-module-preload-in-vite-based-ssgs","Code Splitting and Module Preload in Vite-Based SSGs",{"path":1609,"title":1610},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-missing-tailwind-classes-in-production-builds","Fixing Missing Tailwind Classes in Production Builds",{"path":1612,"title":1613},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-unused-javascript-warnings-on-static-pages","Fixing Unused JavaScript Warnings on Static Pages",{"path":1615,"title":1616},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization","CSS and JavaScript Asset Optimization",{"path":1618,"title":1619},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Finlining-critical-css-on-static-sites","Inlining Critical CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1621,"title":1622},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fkeeping-tailwind-css-output-small-on-static-sites","Keeping Tailwind CSS Output Small on Static Sites",{"path":1624,"title":1625},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fminifying-html-css-and-js-in-eleventy","Minifying HTML, CSS and JS in Eleventy",{"path":1627,"title":1628},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd","Precompressing Assets with Brotli and Zstd",{"path":1630,"title":1631},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fpurging-unused-css-with-tailwind-and-lightningcss","Purging Unused CSS with Tailwind and Lightning CSS",{"path":1633,"title":1634},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fsvg-icon-sprites-vs-inline-icons","SVG Icon Sprites vs Inline Icons",{"path":1636,"title":1637},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ftailwind-v4-in-astro-without-postcss-plugins","Tailwind v4 in Astro Without PostCSS Plugins",{"path":1639,"title":1640},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fcls-from-client-side-rendered-components","CLS from Client-Side Rendered Components",{"path":1642,"title":1643},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fdebugging-cls-with-the-layout-instability-api","Debugging CLS with the Layout Instability API",{"path":1645,"title":1646},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-layout-shift-from-web-fonts","Eliminating Layout Shift From Web Fonts",{"path":1648,"title":1649},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-cookie-banners","Fixing CLS from Cookie Banners",{"path":1651,"title":1652},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-dynamic-table-of-contents-widgets","Fixing CLS From Dynamic Table of Contents Widgets",{"path":1654,"title":1655},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-images-without-dimensions-in-markdown","Fixing CLS From Images Without Dimensions in Markdown",{"path":1657,"title":1658},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-late-loading-embeds","Fixing CLS From Late-Loading Embeds",{"path":1660,"title":1661},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-sticky-headers-and-anchor-links","Fixing CLS from Sticky Headers and Anchor Links",{"path":1663,"title":1664},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites","Cumulative Layout Shift Fixes for Static Sites",{"path":1666,"title":1667},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-cls-in-the-field-with-web-vitals-js","Measuring CLS in the Field With web-vitals.js",{"path":1669,"title":1670},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-ad-and-promo-slots","Reserving Space for Ad and Promo Slots",{"path":1672,"title":1673},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-images-and-embeds-to-stop-layout-shift","Reserving Space for Images and Embeds",{"path":1675,"title":1676},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fauditing-font-payload-per-page","Auditing Font Payload per Page",{"path":1678,"title":1679},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-invisible-text-while-web-fonts-load","Fixing Invisible Text While Web Fonts Load",{"path":1681,"title":1682},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffont-display-optional-vs-swap","font-display: optional vs swap",{"path":1684,"title":1685},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites","Font Loading Strategies for Static Sites",{"path":1687,"title":1688},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fmetric-matched-fallback-fonts-with-size-adjust","Metric-Matched Fallback Fonts with size-adjust",{"path":1690,"title":1691},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fpreloading-fonts-without-double-downloads","Preloading Fonts Without Double Downloads",{"path":1693,"title":1694},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosted-fonts-vs-google-fonts-for-static-sites","Self-Hosted Fonts vs Google Fonts for Static Sites",{"path":1696,"title":1697},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosting-google-fonts-to-eliminate-layout-shift","Self-Host Google Fonts to Eliminate Layout Shift",{"path":1699,"title":1700},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fsubsetting-variable-fonts-for-faster-first-render","Subsetting Variable Fonts for Faster First Render",{"path":1702,"title":1703},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fusing-system-font-stacks-to-skip-webfonts","Using System Font Stacks to Skip Web Fonts",{"path":1705,"title":1706},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fvariable-fonts-vs-static-weights","Variable Fonts vs Static Weights",{"path":1708,"title":1709},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fart-direction-with-the-picture-element","Art Direction with the Picture Element",{"path":1711,"title":1712},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fblur-up-placeholders-with-lqip","Blur-Up Placeholders with LQIP",{"path":1714,"title":1715},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fbuilding-an-image-cdn-pipeline-for-static-sites","Building an Image CDN Pipeline for Static Sites",{"path":1717,"title":1718},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fcaching-processed-images-between-builds","Caching Processed Images Between Builds",{"path":1720,"title":1721},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Ffixing-blurry-images-from-astro-assets-resizing","Fixing Blurry Images From astro:assets Resizing",{"path":1723,"title":1724},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fgenerating-open-graph-images-at-build-time","Generating Open Graph Images at Build Time",{"path":1726,"title":1727},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro","Image Optimization Pipelines in Astro",{"path":1729,"title":1730},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Flazy-loading-images-without-hurting-lcp","Lazy-Loading Images Without Hurting LCP",{"path":1732,"title":1733},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Foptimizing-webp-images-in-hugo-without-plugins","Optimizing WebP Images in Hugo Without Plugins",{"path":1735,"title":1736},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fresponsive-images-with-srcset-in-eleventy","Responsive Images with srcset in Eleventy",{"path":1738,"title":1739},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-astro-images-through-cloudflare-image-resizing","Serving Astro Images Through Cloudflare Image Resizing",{"path":1741,"title":1742},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-avif-with-fallbacks-on-static-sites","Serving AVIF With Fallbacks on Static Sites",{"path":1744,"title":1745},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs","Core Web Vitals Optimization for SSGs",{"path":1747,"title":1748},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fastro-islands-vs-full-hydration-performance","Astro Islands vs Full Hydration Performance",{"path":1750,"title":1751},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fbreaking-up-long-tasks-on-static-sites","Breaking Up Long Tasks on Static Sites",{"path":1753,"title":1754},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fdeferring-hydration-with-client-visible-in-astro","Deferring Hydration with client:visible in Astro",{"path":1756,"title":1757},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-hydration-mismatch-errors-in-astro-islands","Fixing Hydration Mismatch Errors in Astro Islands",{"path":1759,"title":1760},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-poor-inp-on-static-pages-with-heavy-widgets","Fixing Poor INP on Static Pages With Heavy Widgets",{"path":1762,"title":1763},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fhow-to-reduce-bundle-size-in-eleventy-builds","How to Reduce Bundle Size in Eleventy Builds",{"path":1765,"title":1766},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering","JavaScript Hydration & Partial Rendering",{"path":1768,"title":1769},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fmeasuring-inp-on-static-sites-with-real-user-monitoring","Measuring INP on Static Sites with RUM",{"path":1771,"title":1772},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fpreact-vs-react-islands-bundle-size","Preact vs React Islands Bundle Size",{"path":1774,"title":1775},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Freplacing-react-islands-with-web-components","Replacing React Islands with Web Components",{"path":1777,"title":1778},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fserver-islands-in-astro","Server Islands in Astro",{"path":1780,"title":1781},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-render-blocking-css-on-static-sites","Eliminating Render-Blocking CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1783,"title":1784},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-on-text-heavy-documentation-pages","Fixing LCP on Text-Heavy Documentation Pages",{"path":1786,"title":1787},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-regressions-caused-by-cookie-consent-tools","Fixing LCP Regressions Caused by Cookie Consent Tools",{"path":1789,"title":1790},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-when-the-hero-is-a-background-image","Fixing LCP When the Hero Is a Background Image",{"path":1792,"title":1793},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-slow-lcp-on-pages-with-embedded-video","Fixing Slow LCP on Pages With Embedded 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