[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3095},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Ftesting-static-sites-in-ci\u002Ftesting-redirects-and-headers-before-deploy":3,"all-docs-nav":1947,"filed:\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Ftesting-static-sites-in-ci\u002Ftesting-redirects-and-headers-before-deploy":3086},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1924,"dateModified":1933,"datePublished":1933,"description":1934,"extension":1935,"faq":1936,"meta":1941,"navigation":307,"path":1942,"seo":1943,"slug":12,"stem":1944,"type":1945,"__hash__":1946},"content\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Ftesting-static-sites-in-ci\u002Ftesting-redirects-and-headers-before-deploy\u002Findex.md","Testing Redirects and Headers Before Deploy",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1905},"minimark",[9,13,39,48,53,70,74,80,234,253,257,260,670,673,843,847,854,1368,1371,1375,1399,1472,1476,1499,1511,1669,1673,1698,1701,1704,1708,1781,1785,1818,1822,1825,1829,1834,1837,1841,1844,1848,1851,1855,1858,1862,1901],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"testing-redirects-and-headers-before-deploy",[14,15,16,17,21,22,21,25,21,28,31,32,34,35,38],"p",{},"Redirects and response headers are the parts of a static site that live outside the build. They sit in ",[18,19,20],"code",{},"_redirects",", ",[18,23,24],{},"_headers",[18,26,27],{},"netlify.toml",[18,29,30],{},"vercel.json",", a CloudFront function or a Worker, and they are applied by the host at request time. That makes them invisible to every test that reads the build directory, and it makes them fragile: a reordered rule shadows a thousand redirects, a new path pattern in ",[18,33,24],{}," drops the ",[18,36,37],{},"immutable"," cache header from all JavaScript, a platform migration forgets the security headers entirely. On the two sites measured here, redirect and header regressions were 12% of all defects, and each one was found by readers or search engines days later.",[14,40,41,42,47],{},"This guide turns redirects and headers into a table of expectations, generates most of the table from the same data that produces the host configuration, and runs it against every preview deploy before production. It is part of ",[43,44,46],"a",{"href":45},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Ftesting-static-sites-in-ci\u002F","Testing Static Sites in CI",". The examples come from a Hugo documentation site with 1,400 redirects from two migrations, deployed on Netlify, and an Astro site on Cloudflare Workers static assets.",[49,50,52],"h2",{"id":51},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[54,55,56,60,63],"ul",{},[57,58,59],"li",{},"A preview deploy per pull request with its URL available to CI.",[57,61,62],{},"Redirects defined in data (a JSON or YAML file) rather than only in host syntax — if they are not, the first step below converts them.",[57,64,65,66,69],{},"Node 20+ for the test runner (the built-in ",[18,67,68],{},"node:test"," is enough).",[49,71,73],{"id":72},"step-1-one-source-for-redirects","Step 1: One Source for Redirects",[14,75,76,77,79],{},"Redirect rules that exist only in ",[18,78,20],{}," syntax cannot easily be tested or moved between hosts. Keep them in a data file and generate the host format at build time:",[81,82,87],"pre",{"className":83,"code":84,"language":85,"meta":86,"style":86},"language-yaml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# data\u002Fredirects.yaml\n- { from: \u002Fdocs\u002Finstallation.html, to: \u002Fguide\u002Finstall\u002F, status: 301 }\n- { from: \u002Fdocs\u002F:section\u002F:page.html, to: \u002Fguide\u002F:section\u002F:page\u002F, status: 301 }\n- { from: \u002Fblog\u002F2019\u002F*, to: \u002Farchive\u002F2019\u002F, status: 301 }\n- { from: \u002Fchat, to: https:\u002F\u002Fdiscord.gg\u002Fexample, status: 302 }\n","yaml","",[18,88,89,98,140,171,202],{"__ignoreMap":86},[90,91,94],"span",{"class":92,"line":93},"line",1,[90,95,97],{"class":96},"sJ8bj","# data\u002Fredirects.yaml\n",[90,99,101,105,109,112,116,118,121,123,126,128,131,133,137],{"class":92,"line":100},2,[90,102,104],{"class":103},"sVt8B","- { ",[90,106,108],{"class":107},"s9eBZ","from",[90,110,111],{"class":103},": ",[90,113,115],{"class":114},"sZZnC","\u002Fdocs\u002Finstallation.html",[90,117,21],{"class":103},[90,119,120],{"class":107},"to",[90,122,111],{"class":103},[90,124,125],{"class":114},"\u002Fguide\u002Finstall\u002F",[90,127,21],{"class":103},[90,129,130],{"class":107},"status",[90,132,111],{"class":103},[90,134,136],{"class":135},"sj4cs","301",[90,138,139],{"class":103}," }\n",[90,141,143,145,147,149,152,154,156,158,161,163,165,167,169],{"class":92,"line":142},3,[90,144,104],{"class":103},[90,146,108],{"class":107},[90,148,111],{"class":103},[90,150,151],{"class":114},"\u002Fdocs\u002F:section\u002F:page.html",[90,153,21],{"class":103},[90,155,120],{"class":107},[90,157,111],{"class":103},[90,159,160],{"class":114},"\u002Fguide\u002F:section\u002F:page\u002F",[90,162,21],{"class":103},[90,164,130],{"class":107},[90,166,111],{"class":103},[90,168,136],{"class":135},[90,170,139],{"class":103},[90,172,174,176,178,180,183,185,187,189,192,194,196,198,200],{"class":92,"line":173},4,[90,175,104],{"class":103},[90,177,108],{"class":107},[90,179,111],{"class":103},[90,181,182],{"class":114},"\u002Fblog\u002F2019\u002F*",[90,184,21],{"class":103},[90,186,120],{"class":107},[90,188,111],{"class":103},[90,190,191],{"class":114},"\u002Farchive\u002F2019\u002F",[90,193,21],{"class":103},[90,195,130],{"class":107},[90,197,111],{"class":103},[90,199,136],{"class":135},[90,201,139],{"class":103},[90,203,205,207,209,211,214,216,218,220,223,225,227,229,232],{"class":92,"line":204},5,[90,206,104],{"class":103},[90,208,108],{"class":107},[90,210,111],{"class":103},[90,212,213],{"class":114},"\u002Fchat",[90,215,21],{"class":103},[90,217,120],{"class":107},[90,219,111],{"class":103},[90,221,222],{"class":114},"https:\u002F\u002Fdiscord.gg\u002Fexample",[90,224,21],{"class":103},[90,226,130],{"class":107},[90,228,111],{"class":103},[90,230,231],{"class":135},"302",[90,233,139],{"class":103},[14,235,236,237,239,240,243,244,247,248,252],{},"A build script writes ",[18,238,20],{}," for Netlify, ",[18,241,242],{},"redirects.caddy"," for self-hosting, or a ",[18,245,246],{},"redirects.json"," for a Worker from the same list, as in ",[43,249,251],{"href":250},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fmigrating-between-static-site-generators\u002Fkeeping-redirects-working-after-an-ssg-migration\u002F","Keeping Redirects Working After an SSG Migration",". The test generator reads the same file.",[49,254,256],{"id":255},"step-2-generate-the-expectation-table","Step 2: Generate the Expectation Table",[14,258,259],{},"Each literal redirect becomes one test case. Each pattern rule becomes a few concrete cases from sample paths. Headers get a hand-written table, because there are few of them and each encodes a decision:",[81,261,265],{"className":262,"code":263,"language":264,"meta":86,"style":86},"language-js shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","\u002F\u002F tests\u002Fhttp\u002Fcases.mjs\nimport yaml from 'yaml';\nimport { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';\n\nconst rules = yaml.parse(readFileSync('data\u002Fredirects.yaml', 'utf8'));\nexport const redirectCases = rules.flatMap((r) =>\n  r.from.includes(':') || r.from.includes('*')\n    ? (r.samples ?? []).map(([from, to]) => ({ from, to, status: r.status }))\n    : [{ from: r.from, to: r.to, status: r.status }]);\n\nexport const headerCases = [\n  { path: '\u002F', expect: { 'cache-control': \u002Fmax-age=0|must-revalidate\u002F, 'strict-transport-security': \u002Fmax-age=\\d{8}\u002F } },\n  { path: '\u002Fguide\u002Finstall\u002F', expect: { 'content-security-policy': \u002Fdefault-src 'self'\u002F, 'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff' } },\n  { path: '\u002F_astro\u002Findex.BX3k9aQ2.js', expect: { 'cache-control': \u002Fimmutable\u002F } },\n  { path: '\u002Ffeed.xml', expect: { 'content-type': \u002Fapplication\\\u002F(atom|rss)\\+xml\u002F } },\n  { path: '\u002Fmanifest.webmanifest', expect: { 'content-type': \u002Fapplication\\\u002Fmanifest\\+json\u002F } }\n];\n","js",[18,266,267,272,289,303,309,346,379,411,447,456,461,476,533,567,589,631,664],{"__ignoreMap":86},[90,268,269],{"class":92,"line":93},[90,270,271],{"class":96},"\u002F\u002F tests\u002Fhttp\u002Fcases.mjs\n",[90,273,274,278,281,283,286],{"class":92,"line":100},[90,275,277],{"class":276},"szBVR","import",[90,279,280],{"class":103}," yaml ",[90,282,108],{"class":276},[90,284,285],{"class":114}," 'yaml'",[90,287,288],{"class":103},";\n",[90,290,291,293,296,298,301],{"class":92,"line":142},[90,292,277],{"class":276},[90,294,295],{"class":103}," { readFileSync } ",[90,297,108],{"class":276},[90,299,300],{"class":114}," 'node:fs'",[90,302,288],{"class":103},[90,304,305],{"class":92,"line":173},[90,306,308],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":307},true,"\n",[90,310,311,314,317,320,323,327,330,333,335,338,340,343],{"class":92,"line":204},[90,312,313],{"class":276},"const",[90,315,316],{"class":135}," rules",[90,318,319],{"class":276}," =",[90,321,322],{"class":103}," 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r.from.",[90,386,387],{"class":325},"includes",[90,389,329],{"class":103},[90,391,392],{"class":114},"':'",[90,394,375],{"class":103},[90,396,397],{"class":276},"||",[90,399,400],{"class":103}," r.from.",[90,402,387],{"class":325},[90,404,329],{"class":103},[90,406,407],{"class":114},"'*'",[90,409,410],{"class":103},")\n",[90,412,414,417,420,423,426,429,432,434,436,438,441,444],{"class":92,"line":413},8,[90,415,416],{"class":276},"    ?",[90,418,419],{"class":103}," (r.samples ",[90,421,422],{"class":276},"??",[90,424,425],{"class":103}," []).",[90,427,428],{"class":325},"map",[90,430,431],{"class":103},"(([",[90,433,108],{"class":371},[90,435,21],{"class":103},[90,437,120],{"class":371},[90,439,440],{"class":103},"]) ",[90,442,443],{"class":276},"=>",[90,445,446],{"class":103}," ({ from, to, status: r.status }))\n",[90,448,450,453],{"class":92,"line":449},9,[90,451,452],{"class":276},"    :",[90,454,455],{"class":103}," [{ from: r.from, to: r.to, status: r.status }]);\n",[90,457,459],{"class":92,"line":458},10,[90,460,308],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":307},[90,462,464,466,468,471,473],{"class":92,"line":463},11,[90,465,351],{"class":276},[90,467,354],{"class":276},[90,469,470],{"class":135}," headerCases",[90,472,319],{"class":276},[90,474,475],{"class":103}," [\n",[90,477,479,482,485,488,491,494,497,501,504,507,510,512,515,517,519,522,525,528,530],{"class":92,"line":478},12,[90,480,481],{"class":103},"  { path: ",[90,483,484],{"class":114},"'\u002F'",[90,486,487],{"class":103},", expect: { ",[90,489,490],{"class":114},"'cache-control'",[90,492,493],{"class":103},":",[90,495,496],{"class":114}," \u002F",[90,498,500],{"class":499},"sA_wV","max-age=0",[90,502,503],{"class":276},"|",[90,505,506],{"class":499},"must-revalidate",[90,508,509],{"class":114},"\u002F",[90,511,21],{"class":103},[90,513,514],{"class":114},"'strict-transport-security'",[90,516,493],{"class":103},[90,518,496],{"class":114},[90,520,521],{"class":499},"max-age=",[90,523,524],{"class":135},"\\d",[90,526,527],{"class":276},"{8}",[90,529,509],{"class":114},[90,531,532],{"class":103}," } },\n",[90,534,536,538,541,543,546,548,550,553,555,557,560,562,565],{"class":92,"line":535},13,[90,537,481],{"class":103},[90,539,540],{"class":114},"'\u002Fguide\u002Finstall\u002F'",[90,542,487],{"class":103},[90,544,545],{"class":114},"'content-security-policy'",[90,547,493],{"class":103},[90,549,496],{"class":114},[90,551,552],{"class":499},"default-src 'self'",[90,554,509],{"class":114},[90,556,21],{"class":103},[90,558,559],{"class":114},"'x-content-type-options'",[90,561,111],{"class":103},[90,563,564],{"class":114},"'nosniff'",[90,566,532],{"class":103},[90,568,570,572,575,577,579,581,583,585,587],{"class":92,"line":569},14,[90,571,481],{"class":103},[90,573,574],{"class":114},"'\u002F_astro\u002Findex.BX3k9aQ2.js'",[90,576,487],{"class":103},[90,578,490],{"class":114},[90,580,493],{"class":103},[90,582,496],{"class":114},[90,584,37],{"class":499},[90,586,509],{"class":114},[90,588,532],{"class":103},[90,590,592,594,597,599,602,604,606,609,613,616,618,621,624,627,629],{"class":92,"line":591},15,[90,593,481],{"class":103},[90,595,596],{"class":114},"'\u002Ffeed.xml'",[90,598,487],{"class":103},[90,600,601],{"class":114},"'content-type'",[90,603,493],{"class":103},[90,605,496],{"class":114},[90,607,608],{"class":499},"application",[90,610,612],{"class":611},"snhLl","\\\u002F",[90,614,615],{"class":499},"(atom",[90,617,503],{"class":276},[90,619,620],{"class":499},"rss)",[90,622,623],{"class":611},"\\+",[90,625,626],{"class":499},"xml",[90,628,509],{"class":114},[90,630,532],{"class":103},[90,632,634,636,639,641,643,645,647,649,651,654,656,659,661],{"class":92,"line":633},16,[90,635,481],{"class":103},[90,637,638],{"class":114},"'\u002Fmanifest.webmanifest'",[90,640,487],{"class":103},[90,642,601],{"class":114},[90,644,493],{"class":103},[90,646,496],{"class":114},[90,648,608],{"class":499},[90,650,612],{"class":611},[90,652,653],{"class":499},"manifest",[90,655,623],{"class":611},[90,657,658],{"class":499},"json",[90,660,509],{"class":114},[90,662,663],{"class":103}," } }\n",[90,665,667],{"class":92,"line":666},17,[90,668,669],{"class":103},"];\n",[14,671,672],{},"Hashed file names change every build, so the header test discovers a real asset path from the built HTML rather than hard-coding one.",[674,675,676,839],"figure",{},[677,678,685,686,685,690,685,694,685,701,685,824],"svg",{"viewBox":679,"role":680,"ariaLabelledBy":681,"xmlns":684},"0 0 760 168","img",[682,683],"rh-gen-title","rh-gen-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[687,688,689],"title",{"id":682},"Generating host configuration and tests from one redirect file",[691,692,693],"desc",{"id":683},"A single redirects.yaml file feeds two generators. One writes the host configuration, such as _redirects for Netlify or a JSON map for a Worker. The other writes test cases, one per literal rule and a few samples per pattern. The preview deploy applies the configuration and the tests run against it.",[695,696],"rect",{"x":697,"y":697,"width":698,"height":699,"fill":700},"0","760","168","#ffffff",[702,703,705,706,705,716,705,720,705,727,705,730,705,733,705,739,705,742,705,748,705,751,705,759,705,765,705,770,705,774,705,780,705,784,705,788,705,791,705,794,705,797,705,802,705,806,705,810,705,814,705,818,705,821,685],"g",{"style":704},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[695,707],{"x":708,"y":709,"width":710,"height":711,"rx":712,"fill":713,"opacity":714,"stroke":713,"style":715},"20.0","64.0","116.8","88.4","8","#6a4c93","0.14","stroke-width:1.5px",[695,717],{"x":718,"y":709,"width":710,"height":711,"rx":712,"fill":719,"opacity":714,"stroke":719,"style":715},"170.8","#1982c4",[721,722],"path",{"d":723,"fill":724,"stroke":725,"style":726},"M138.8 108.2 L166.8 108.2","none","#556071","stroke-width:2px;marker-end:url(#rh-gen-arrow)",[695,728],{"x":729,"y":709,"width":710,"height":711,"rx":712,"fill":719,"opacity":714,"stroke":719,"style":715},"321.6",[721,731],{"d":732,"fill":724,"stroke":725,"style":726},"M289.6 108.2 L317.6 108.2",[695,734],{"x":735,"y":709,"width":710,"height":711,"rx":712,"fill":736,"opacity":737,"stroke":738,"style":715},"472.4","#ffca3a","0.24","#a97b00",[721,740],{"d":741,"fill":724,"stroke":725,"style":726},"M440.4 108.2 L468.4 108.2",[695,743],{"x":744,"y":709,"width":710,"height":711,"rx":712,"fill":745,"opacity":746,"stroke":747,"style":715},"623.2","#8ac926","0.2","#5a8a16",[721,749],{"d":750,"fill":724,"stroke":725,"style":726},"M591.2 108.2 L619.2 108.2",[752,753,758],"text",{"x":754,"y":755,"fill":756,"style":757},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","From redirect data to test cases",[752,760,764],{"x":761,"y":762,"fill":756,"style":763},"78.4","98.5","font-size:12px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","redirects.yaml",[752,766,769],{"x":761,"y":767,"fill":725,"style":768},"114.2","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle","1,400 rules, 12",[752,771,773],{"x":761,"y":772,"fill":725,"style":768},"128.5","patterns",[752,775,779],{"x":776,"y":777,"fill":756,"style":778},"229.2","98.8","font-size:13px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Host config",[752,781,783],{"x":776,"y":782,"fill":725,"style":768},"115.7","_redirects,",[752,785,787],{"x":776,"y":786,"fill":725,"style":768},"130.0","Worker JSON",[752,789,790],{"x":754,"y":777,"fill":756,"style":778},"Test cases",[752,792,793],{"x":754,"y":782,"fill":725,"style":768},"1,436",[752,795,796],{"x":754,"y":786,"fill":725,"style":768},"expectations",[752,798,801],{"x":799,"y":800,"fill":756,"style":778},"530.8","90.4","Preview",[752,803,805],{"x":799,"y":804,"fill":756,"style":778},"107.3","deploy",[752,807,809],{"x":799,"y":808,"fill":725,"style":768},"124.2","rules applied by",[752,811,813],{"x":799,"y":812,"fill":725,"style":768},"138.5","host",[752,815,817],{"x":816,"y":777,"fill":756,"style":778},"681.6","Assertions",[752,819,820],{"x":816,"y":782,"fill":725,"style":768},"status, Location,",[752,822,823],{"x":816,"y":786,"fill":725,"style":768},"final 200",[825,826,705,827,685],"defs",{},[828,829,835,836,705],"marker",{"id":830,"viewBox":831,"refX":712,"refY":832,"markerWidth":833,"markerHeight":833,"orient":834},"rh-gen-arrow","0 0 10 10","5","7","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[721,837],{"d":838,"fill":725},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[840,841,842],"figcaption",{},"Because tests and host rules come from the same data, a rule can never exist without a test.",[49,844,846],{"id":845},"step-3-the-runner","Step 3: The Runner",[14,848,849,850,853],{},"The runner requests each case without following redirects, checks the status and ",[18,851,852],{},"Location",", then checks that the destination itself returns 200. Concurrency keeps it fast:",[81,855,857],{"className":262,"code":856,"language":264,"meta":86,"style":86},"\u002F\u002F tests\u002Fhttp\u002Fredirects.test.mjs\nimport { test } from 'node:test';\nimport assert from 'node:assert\u002Fstrict';\nimport pLimit from 'p-limit';\nimport { redirectCases } from '.\u002Fcases.mjs';\n\nconst BASE = process.env.BASE_URL;\nconst limit = pLimit(16);\n\ntest('redirects', async () => {\n  const failures = [];\n  await Promise.all(redirectCases.map((c) => limit(async () => {\n    const res = await fetch(BASE + c.from, { redirect: 'manual' });\n    const loc = res.headers.get('location') ?? '';\n    const target = new URL(loc, BASE);\n    if (res.status !== c.status) failures.push(`${c.from}: status ${res.status}, expected ${c.status}`);\n    else if (target.pathname + target.search !== c.to && target.href !== c.to) failures.push(`${c.from}: → ${loc}, expected ${c.to}`);\n    else if (target.origin === new URL(BASE).origin) {\n      const final = await fetch(target, { redirect: 'manual' });\n      if (final.status !== 200) failures.push(`${c.from}: destination ${c.to} returned ${final.status}`);\n    }\n  })));\n  assert.deepEqual(failures, []);\n});\n",[18,858,859,864,878,892,906,920,924,941,961,965,988,1001,1041,1074,1103,1125,1177,1240,1264,1286,1338,1344,1350,1362],{"__ignoreMap":86},[90,860,861],{"class":92,"line":93},[90,862,863],{"class":96},"\u002F\u002F tests\u002Fhttp\u002Fredirects.test.mjs\n",[90,865,866,868,871,873,876],{"class":92,"line":100},[90,867,277],{"class":276},[90,869,870],{"class":103}," { test } 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",[90,1283,1070],{"class":114},[90,1285,1073],{"class":103},[90,1287,1289,1292,1295,1297,1300,1303,1305,1307,1309,1311,1313,1315,1318,1320,1322,1324,1327,1330,1332,1334,1336],{"class":92,"line":1288},20,[90,1290,1291],{"class":276},"      if",[90,1293,1294],{"class":103}," (final.status ",[90,1296,1135],{"class":276},[90,1298,1299],{"class":135}," 200",[90,1301,1302],{"class":103},") failures.",[90,1304,1141],{"class":325},[90,1306,329],{"class":103},[90,1308,1146],{"class":114},[90,1310,1024],{"class":103},[90,1312,1011],{"class":114},[90,1314,108],{"class":103},[90,1316,1317],{"class":114},"}: destination ${",[90,1319,1024],{"class":103},[90,1321,1011],{"class":114},[90,1323,120],{"class":103},[90,1325,1326],{"class":114},"} returned ${",[90,1328,1329],{"class":103},"final",[90,1331,1011],{"class":114},[90,1333,130],{"class":103},[90,1335,1174],{"class":114},[90,1337,960],{"class":103},[90,1339,1341],{"class":92,"line":1340},21,[90,1342,1343],{"class":103},"    }\n",[90,1345,1347],{"class":92,"line":1346},22,[90,1348,1349],{"class":103},"  })));\n",[90,1351,1353,1356,1359],{"class":92,"line":1352},23,[90,1354,1355],{"class":103},"  assert.",[90,1357,1358],{"class":325},"deepEqual",[90,1360,1361],{"class":103},"(failures, []);\n",[90,1363,1365],{"class":92,"line":1364},24,[90,1366,1367],{"class":103},"});\n",[14,1369,1370],{},"On the Netlify preview, 1,436 cases took 41 s at a concurrency of 16. Collecting all failures before asserting, rather than stopping at the first, means one run shows everything a rule change broke.",[49,1372,1374],{"id":1373},"step-4-what-it-caught","Step 4: What It Caught",[14,1376,1377,1378,1381,1382,1384,1385,1388,1389,1392,1393,1395,1396,1398],{},"In its first month the suite caught three real problems. A pull request that added a catch-all rule for ",[18,1379,1380],{},"\u002Fdocs\u002F*"," above the specific rules in ",[18,1383,20],{}," — Netlify applies the first match — silently shadowed 1,160 specific redirects; every one of them failed. A header refactor changed ",[18,1386,1387],{},"\u002Fassets\u002F*"," to ",[18,1390,1391],{},"\u002F_astro\u002F*"," in ",[18,1394,24],{}," for the new Astro output but left the old path pattern, so JavaScript lost its ",[18,1397,37],{}," cache header. And 14 redirects pointed at pages that had since been moved again, producing chains; the destination check flagged them.",[674,1400,1401,1469],{},[677,1402,685,1407,685,1410,685,1413,685,1416],{"viewBox":1403,"role":680,"ariaLabelledBy":1404,"xmlns":684},"0 0 760 295",[1405,1406],"rh-caught-title","rh-caught-desc",[687,1408,1409],{"id":1405},"Number of failing cases per regression caught",[691,1411,1412],{"id":1406},"Vertical bars of failing test cases. A catch-all rule placed above specific rules shadowed 1,160 redirects. Destinations that had moved again produced 14 redirect chains. A stale path pattern in _headers dropped the immutable header from 1 asset class, shown as one failing header case.",[695,1414],{"x":697,"y":697,"width":698,"height":1415,"fill":700},"295",[702,1417,705,1418,705,1429,705,1435,705,1438,705,1441,705,1444,705,1450,705,1455,705,1459,705,1462,705,1466,685],{"style":704},[695,1419],{"x":1420,"y":1421,"width":1422,"height":1423,"rx":1424,"fill":1425,"opacity":1426,"stroke":1427,"style":1428},"108.3","76.0","90.0","170.0","3","#ff595e","0.3","#d83b41","stroke-width:1px",[695,1430],{"x":1431,"y":1432,"width":1422,"height":1433,"rx":1424,"fill":736,"opacity":1434,"stroke":738,"style":1428},"335.0","243.0","3.0","0.45",[695,1436],{"x":1437,"y":1432,"width":1422,"height":1433,"rx":1424,"fill":736,"opacity":1434,"stroke":738,"style":1428},"561.7",[721,1439],{"d":1440,"fill":724,"stroke":725,"style":715},"M30.0 246.0 L730.0 246.0",[752,1442,1443],{"x":754,"y":755,"fill":756,"style":757},"Failures reported by the three caught regressions",[752,1445,1449],{"x":1446,"y":1447,"fill":1448,"style":763},"153.3","69.0","#b32b30","1,160",[752,1451,1454],{"x":1446,"y":1452,"fill":725,"style":1453},"264.0","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle","Catch-all shadowing rules",[752,1456,1458],{"x":754,"y":1457,"fill":756,"style":763},"236.0","14",[752,1460,1461],{"x":754,"y":1452,"fill":725,"style":1453},"Redirect chains",[752,1463,1465],{"x":1464,"y":1457,"fill":756,"style":763},"606.7","1",[752,1467,1468],{"x":1464,"y":1452,"fill":725,"style":1453},"Missing immutable header",[840,1470,1471],{},"All three were caught on pull requests; before the suite, a similar shadowing bug had been live for nine days.",[49,1473,1475],{"id":1474},"step-5-headers-on-every-response-type","Step 5: Headers on Every Response Type",[14,1477,1478,1479,21,1482,1485,1486,1489,1490,1493,1494,1498],{},"Headers vary by response type, so test one example of each: an HTML page, a hashed asset, an unhashed asset (",[18,1480,1481],{},"favicon.ico",[18,1483,1484],{},"robots.txt","), the feed, a 404 response, and a redirect. The 404 matters because some hosts and server configurations drop custom headers on error responses — nginx's ",[18,1487,1488],{},"add_header"," without ",[18,1491,1492],{},"always"," is the classic case, described in ",[43,1495,1497],{"href":1496},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fself-hosting-static-sites\u002Fserving-a-static-site-with-nginx\u002F","Serving a Static Site with Nginx",". The redirect matters because HSTS on the redirect response is what protects the first request.",[14,1500,1501,1502,1505,1506,1510],{},"For previews specifically, assert the inverse too: ",[18,1503,1504],{},"X-Robots-Tag: noindex"," must be present, as described in ",[43,1507,1509],{"href":1508},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frobots-txt-and-noindex-for-preview-and-staging\u002F","robots.txt and noindex for Preview and Staging",". A post-deploy run against production asserts that it is absent.",[674,1512,1513,1666],{},[677,1514,685,1519,685,1522,685,1525,685,1528],{"viewBox":1515,"role":680,"ariaLabelledBy":1516,"xmlns":684},"0 0 760 270",[1517,1518],"rh-types-title","rh-types-desc",[687,1520,1521],{"id":1517},"Header assertions by response type",[691,1523,1524],{"id":1518},"A matrix of response types and the headers asserted on each. HTML pages check revalidating Cache-Control, CSP and HSTS. Hashed assets check immutable Cache-Control and correct Content-Type. The feed checks the Atom Content-Type and a short max-age. 404 responses check that security headers are still present. Redirects check HSTS and no caching of personalised redirects.",[695,1526],{"x":697,"y":697,"width":698,"height":1527,"fill":700},"270",[702,1529,705,1530,705,1533,705,1538,705,1541,705,1545,705,1548,705,1550,705,1553,705,1556,705,1558,705,1561,705,1564,705,1566,705,1569,705,1572,705,1574,705,1577,705,1580,705,1585,705,1589,705,1593,705,1597,705,1601,705,1605,705,1608,705,1611,705,1615,705,1619,705,1622,705,1625,705,1629,705,1633,705,1635,705,1638,705,1642,705,1646,705,1649,705,1652,705,1656,705,1660,705,1663,685],{"style":704},[721,1531],{"d":1532,"fill":724,"stroke":725,"style":715},"M20.0 86.0 L740.0 86.0",[695,1534],{"x":1535,"y":1422,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":719,"opacity":714,"stroke":719,"style":1428},"214.0","168.7","25.6",[695,1539],{"x":1540,"y":1422,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":745,"opacity":746,"stroke":747,"style":1428},"390.7",[721,1542],{"d":1543,"fill":724,"stroke":1544,"style":1428},"M20.0 119.6 L740.0 119.6","#d9e2ef",[695,1546],{"x":1535,"y":1547,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":745,"opacity":746,"stroke":747,"style":1428},"123.6",[695,1549],{"x":1540,"y":1547,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":736,"opacity":737,"stroke":738,"style":1428},[721,1551],{"d":1552,"fill":724,"stroke":1544,"style":1428},"M20.0 153.2 L740.0 153.2",[695,1554],{"x":1535,"y":1555,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":719,"opacity":714,"stroke":719,"style":1428},"157.2",[695,1557],{"x":1540,"y":1555,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":736,"opacity":737,"stroke":738,"style":1428},[721,1559],{"d":1560,"fill":724,"stroke":1544,"style":1428},"M20.0 186.8 L740.0 186.8",[695,1562],{"x":1535,"y":1563,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":719,"opacity":714,"stroke":719,"style":1428},"190.8",[695,1565],{"x":1540,"y":1563,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":745,"opacity":746,"stroke":747,"style":1428},[721,1567],{"d":1568,"fill":724,"stroke":1544,"style":1428},"M20.0 220.4 L740.0 220.4",[695,1570],{"x":1535,"y":1571,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":736,"opacity":737,"stroke":738,"style":1428},"224.4",[695,1573],{"x":1540,"y":1571,"width":1536,"height":1537,"rx":832,"fill":745,"opacity":746,"stroke":747,"style":1428},[721,1575],{"d":1576,"fill":724,"stroke":1544,"style":1428},"M20.0 254.0 L740.0 254.0",[752,1578,1579],{"x":754,"y":755,"fill":756,"style":757},"One header expectation per response type",[752,1581,1584],{"x":755,"y":1582,"fill":756,"style":1583},"75.2","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","Response",[752,1586,1588],{"x":1587,"y":1582,"fill":756,"style":763},"298.3","Cache-Control",[752,1590,1592],{"x":1591,"y":1582,"fill":756,"style":763},"475.0","Security headers",[752,1594,1596],{"x":1595,"y":1582,"fill":756,"style":763},"651.7","Other",[752,1598,1600],{"x":755,"y":1599,"fill":756,"style":1583},"106.4","HTML page",[752,1602,1604],{"x":1587,"y":1603,"fill":756,"style":1453},"106.2","max-age=0, revalidate",[752,1606,1607],{"x":1591,"y":1603,"fill":756,"style":1453},"CSP, HSTS, nosniff",[752,1609,1610],{"x":1595,"y":1603,"fill":756,"style":1453},"Content-Encoding br",[752,1612,1614],{"x":755,"y":1613,"fill":756,"style":1583},"140.0","Hashed asset",[752,1616,1618],{"x":1587,"y":1617,"fill":756,"style":1453},"139.8","immutable, 1 year",[752,1620,1621],{"x":1591,"y":1617,"fill":756,"style":1453},"nosniff",[752,1623,1624],{"x":1595,"y":1617,"fill":756,"style":1453},"correct Content-Type",[752,1626,1628],{"x":755,"y":1627,"fill":756,"style":1583},"173.6","Feed",[752,1630,1632],{"x":1587,"y":1631,"fill":756,"style":1453},"173.4","max-age=900",[752,1634,1621],{"x":1591,"y":1631,"fill":756,"style":1453},[752,1636,1637],{"x":1595,"y":1631,"fill":756,"style":1453},"application\u002Fatom+xml",[752,1639,1641],{"x":755,"y":1640,"fill":756,"style":1583},"207.2","404 page",[752,1643,1645],{"x":1587,"y":1644,"fill":756,"style":1453},"207.0","no-store",[752,1647,1648],{"x":1591,"y":1644,"fill":756,"style":1453},"same as HTML",[752,1650,1651],{"x":1595,"y":1644,"fill":756,"style":1453},"status 404 not 200",[752,1653,1655],{"x":755,"y":1654,"fill":756,"style":1583},"240.8","Redirect",[752,1657,1659],{"x":1587,"y":1658,"fill":756,"style":1453},"240.6","short or none",[752,1661,1662],{"x":1591,"y":1658,"fill":756,"style":1453},"HSTS",[752,1664,1665],{"x":1595,"y":1658,"fill":756,"style":1453},"Location exact",[840,1667,1668],{},"Six response types cover the header behaviour of the whole site in about thirty assertions.",[49,1670,1672],{"id":1671},"running-locally-against-an-emulator","Running Locally Against an Emulator",[14,1674,1675,1676,1679,1680,1682,1683,21,1685,1688,1689,1679,1692,1694,1695,1697],{},"Waiting for a preview deploy to test a redirect change is slow. Most hosts have a local emulator that applies the same rules: ",[18,1677,1678],{},"netlify dev"," for ",[18,1681,20],{}," and ",[18,1684,24],{},[18,1686,1687],{},"wrangler dev"," for Workers with static assets, ",[18,1690,1691],{},"vercel dev",[18,1693,30],{},". Pointing ",[18,1696,938],{}," at the emulator runs the same suite in seconds on a laptop. The emulators are close but not identical to production — Netlify's local redirect engine differed from production on one edge case involving query-string matching — so the preview run remains the gate, and the local run is for fast iteration.",[14,1699,1700],{},"Once the table exists, it earns its keep a second time during host migrations. Moving the Astro site from Cloudflare Pages to Workers static assets meant rewriting redirect and header configuration in a new format; running the unchanged expectation table against the new deployment proved parity before DNS moved, and found two header rules that had been silently dropped in translation.",[14,1702,1703],{},"Keep the header table short and opinionated; each row documents a decision someone made about caching or security, and the table is where a new team member learns those decisions.",[49,1705,1707],{"id":1706},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[1709,1710,1711,1727],"table",{},[1712,1713,1714],"thead",{},[1715,1716,1717,1721,1724],"tr",{},[1718,1719,1720],"th",{},"Measure",[1718,1722,1723],{},"Before",[1718,1725,1726],{},"After (12 months)",[1728,1729,1730,1741,1752,1761,1771],"tbody",{},[1715,1731,1732,1736,1739],{},[1733,1734,1735],"td",{},"Redirect or header regressions in production",[1733,1737,1738],{},"9",[1733,1740,697],{},[1715,1742,1743,1746,1749],{},[1733,1744,1745],{},"Longest time a broken redirect set was live",[1733,1747,1748],{},"9 days",[1733,1750,1751],{},"—",[1715,1753,1754,1756,1758],{},[1733,1755,790],{},[1733,1757,697],{},[1733,1759,1760],{},"1,436 redirects + 31 headers",[1715,1762,1763,1766,1768],{},[1733,1764,1765],{},"Time per pull request",[1733,1767,1751],{},[1733,1769,1770],{},"41 s (Netlify), 18 s (Workers)",[1715,1772,1773,1776,1779],{},[1733,1774,1775],{},"Redirect chains in the map",[1733,1777,1778],{},"14 (unknown)",[1733,1780,697],{},[49,1782,1784],{"id":1783},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[54,1786,1787,1794,1800,1806,1812],{},[57,1788,1789,1793],{},[1790,1791,1792],"strong",{},"Following redirects in tests."," Hides chains and wrong status codes; test each hop.",[57,1795,1796,1799],{},[1790,1797,1798],{},"Hard-coding hashed asset names."," They change every build; discover them from HTML.",[57,1801,1802,1805],{},[1790,1803,1804],{},"Testing only HTML pages for headers."," Error pages and redirects often differ.",[57,1807,1808,1811],{},[1790,1809,1810],{},"Rule order."," Many hosts apply the first matching rule; keep specific rules above patterns and test both.",[57,1813,1814,1817],{},[1790,1815,1816],{},"Rollback:"," the suite changes nothing on the site. If a redirect change fails the suite after merge, revert the data file; the host config regenerates from it.",[49,1819,1821],{"id":1820},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,1823,1824],{},"Redirects and headers deserve tests precisely because they live outside the build. Keep redirects in data, generate both host configuration and test cases from it, assert headers per response type, and run the table against every preview. On these sites that turned a class of silent, days-long regressions into pull request failures that took seconds to understand.",[49,1826,1828],{"id":1827},"faq","FAQ",[1830,1831,1833],"h3",{"id":1832},"why-cant-redirects-be-tested-against-the-build-directory","Why can't redirects be tested against the build directory?",[14,1835,1836],{},"Redirects and headers are applied by the host, from files like _redirects, _headers, vercel.json or a Worker, not by the static files themselves. Only a request to a deployed preview, or to a local emulator of the host, exercises the real rules.",[1830,1838,1840],{"id":1839},"how-many-redirects-is-too-many-to-test-on-every-pull-request","How many redirects is too many to test on every pull request?",[14,1842,1843],{},"Thousands are fine. Redirect checks are single HEAD or GET requests without following redirects, and with modest concurrency 1,400 checks took about 40 seconds against a preview. Very large maps can be sampled on pull requests and checked in full nightly.",[1830,1845,1847],{"id":1846},"what-headers-are-worth-asserting","What headers are worth asserting?",[14,1849,1850],{},"Cache-Control for each asset class, Content-Type for non-HTML files such as feeds and manifests, the security headers such as Strict-Transport-Security, Content-Security-Policy, X-Content-Type-Options and Referrer-Policy, X-Robots-Tag on previews, and Content-Encoding for compressed responses.",[1830,1852,1854],{"id":1853},"should-the-tests-follow-redirects","Should the tests follow redirects?",[14,1856,1857],{},"Test each hop explicitly without following, asserting the status code and Location header, then separately assert that the final destination returns 200. That catches chains, loops and permanent redirects that should have been temporary.",[49,1859,1861],{"id":1860},"related","Related",[54,1863,1864,1873,1880,1887,1894],{},[57,1865,1866,1869,1870,1872],{},[1790,1867,1868],{},"Parent:"," ",[43,1871,46],{"href":45}," — the rest of the suite.",[57,1874,1875,1879],{},[43,1876,1878],{"href":1877},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fnetlify-vs-vercel-deployment-strategies\u002Fnetlify-redirects-and-rewrites-for-static-sites\u002F","Netlify Redirects and Rewrites for Static Sites"," — rule order and syntax.",[57,1881,1882,1886],{},[43,1883,1885],{"href":1884},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fconfiguring-redirects-on-cloudflare-pages\u002F","Configuring Redirects on Cloudflare Pages"," — the Cloudflare equivalent.",[57,1888,1889,1893],{},[43,1890,1892],{"href":1891},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fsecurity-headers-for-static-sites\u002Fwriting-a-content-security-policy-for-a-static-site\u002F","Writing a Content Security Policy for a Static Site"," — the header most worth asserting.",[57,1895,1896,1900],{},[43,1897,1899],{"href":1898},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Frollbacks-and-deploy-safety-for-static-sites\u002Fpost-deploy-verification-checklists\u002F","Post-Deploy Verification Checklists"," — running the same table against production.",[1902,1903,1904],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki .sJ8bj{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s9eBZ, html code.shiki .s9eBZ{--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki 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production.","md",[1937,1938,1939,1940],{"q":1833,"a":1836},{"q":1840,"a":1843},{"q":1847,"a":1850},{"q":1854,"a":1857},{},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Ftesting-static-sites-in-ci\u002Ftesting-redirects-and-headers-before-deploy",{"title":5,"description":1934},"production-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Ftesting-static-sites-in-ci\u002Ftesting-redirects-and-headers-before-deploy\u002Findex","article","cOywqrumdxaIo1DrR0dTzwW1jJr887FytTMSbnR92NM",[1948,1951,1954,1957,1960,1963,1966,1969,1972,1975,1978,1981,1984,1987,1990,1993,1996,1999,2002,2005,2008,2011,2014,2017,2020,2023,2026,2029,2032,2035,2038,2041,2044,2047,2050,2053,2056,2059,2062,2065,2068,2071,2074,2077,2080,2083,2086,2089,2092,2095,2098,2101,2104,2107,2110,2113,2116,2119,2122,2125,2128,2131,2134,2137,2140,2143,2146,2149,2152,2155,2158,2161,2164,2167,2170,2173,2176,2179,2181,2184,2187,2190,2193,2196,2199,2202,2205,2208,2211,2214,2217,2220,2223,2226,2229,2232,2235,2238,2241,2244,2247,2250,2253,2256,2259,2262,2265,2268,2271,2274,2277,2280,2283,2286,2289,2292,2295,2298,2301,2304,2307,2310,2313,2316,2319,2322,2325,2328,2331,2334,2337,2339,2342,2345,2348,2351,2354,2357,2360,2363,2366,2369,2372,2375,2378,2381,2384,2387,2390,2393,2396,2399,2402,2405,2408,2411,2414,2417,2420,2423,2426,2429,2432,2435,2438,2441,2444,2447,2450,2453,2456,2459,2462,2465,2468,2471,2474,2477,2480,2483,2486,2489,2492,2495,2498,2501,2504,2507,2510,2513,2516,2519,2522,2525,2528,2531,2534,2537,2540,2543,2546,2549,2552,2555,2558,2561,2564,2567,2570,2573,2576,2579,2582,2585,2588,2591,2594,2597,2600,2603,2606,2609,2612,2615,2618,2621,2624,2627,2630,2633,2636,2639,2642,2645,2648,2651,2654,2657,2660,2663,2666,2669,2672,2675,2678,2681,2684,2687,2690,2693,2696,2698,2701,2704,2707,2710,2713,2716,2719,2722,2725,2728,2731,2734,2737,2740,2743,2746,2749,2752,2755,2758,2761,2764,2767,2770,2773,2776,2779,2782,2785,2788,2791,2794,2797,2800,2803,2806,2809,2812,2815,2818,2821,2823,2826,2829,2832,2835,2838,2841,2844,2847,2850,2853,2856,2859,2862,2865,2868,2871,2874,2877,2880,2883,2885,2888,2891,2894,2897,2900,2903,2906,2909,2912,2915,2918,2921,2924,2927,2930,2933,2936,2939,2942,2944,2947,2950,2953,2956,2959,2962,2965,2968,2971,2974,2977,2980,2983,2986,2989,2992,2995,2997,3000,3003,3006,3009,3012,3015,3018,3021,3024,3027,3029,3032,3035,3038,3041,3044,3047,3050,3053,3056,3059,3062,3065,3068,3071,3073,3076,3077,3080,3083],{"path":1949,"title":1950},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Faccessibility-for-static-sites\u002Faccessible-code-blocks-in-documentation-sites","Accessible 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